writer and it triggers the writer to read more and understand more about the writer and his work. Therefore, this thesis will also give a deeper understanding about
the novel for the writer who admires Mark Twain‘s books.
1.2. Research Questions
There are two research questions in this study. They are as follows: 1.2.1
What are the characteristics of Tom Sawyer? 1.2.2
How does the friendship between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn influence
Tom Sawyer‘s personality development as seen in Mark Twain‘s The Adventure of Tom Sawyer?
1.3. Significance of the Study
This study provides benefits for the writer, the readers, and the teachers and students. The first one is for the writer. In the real life context, the writer will
be able to learn the meaning of friends hip and how it affects someone‘s
personality development. It gives the writer a different point of view about friendship as one of the important things in life. In addition, this study gives a
satisfaction for the writer who admires Mark Twain and all of his works. The second one is for readers. By reading this study, hopefully, readers can
see the meaning of friendship between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Readers will be given a chance to see more about the friendship value and how it
can bring good influence to someone‘s life.
The third one is for teachers and students. This study gives teachers and students a suggestion to conduct this book as one of their references in
considering study objects in certain courses such as Prose and Book Report. This
study also provides them with beneficial information such as the friendship value from the story. Last but not least, for the future writers who are going to take this
book as their study object, this study hopefully gives them references about writing a thesis on literature.
1.4. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding about the content of this study, some literary
terms used in the study are explained as follows:
1.4.1. Characters
In 1985, Abrams noted that characters are defined as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being
endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and by what they do the action p. 23. In this
study, Tom Sawyer is the character who is interpreted by the readers that are expressed through their thoughts and actions.
1.4.2. Characteristic
The existence of characters in a novel are usually followed by characteristics which make them alive. McKean 2005 defines characteristic as
typical, representative; emblematic, symbolic, distinctive, symptomatic; in character. Furthermore, he explains that characteristic is mark, trait, attribute,
feature, quality, property, character, aspect, peculiarity, idiosyncrasy. In this study, characteristic means the traits, features, and qualities of Tom Sawyer as
seen in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
1.4.3. Personality Development
McKean 2005 states that personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual‘s distinctive character p. 1269. Meanwhile,
to develop is to grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate p. 463 and development is the process of developing or being
developed p. 464. Therefore, personality development is the growing process of characteristics that form an individual‘s distinctive character to be more mature,
advanced, or elaborate. According to Jung, personality develops through four stages of life
– childhood, youth, middle life, and old age Feist and Feist, 2009: 120-123. In this
study, personality development is considered as the growing process of Tom Sawyer to be more mature in his youth period as a result of their friendship.
1.4.4. Friendship
McKean 2005 defines a friend as a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically exclusive of sexual or family
relations. Furthermore, McKean 2005 defines friendship as the emotions or conduct of friends; the state of being friends p. 674.
In this study, friendship means the state of being friend between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn whom knows each other and has a bond of mutual
affection.
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses about the description of the literature that is related to this study. The first discussion is review of related studies. The writer reviews
previous studies that discuss the same novel. The second discussion is review of related theories. Here, the writer reviews theories which are related to the study.
The last discussion is theoretical framework. It explains the application of the theories in solving research questions in this thesis.
2.1. Review of Related Studies
The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is one of Mark Twains popular novels. The popularity of this book is not only spread in his country, England, but also around
the world. This novel has been translated into many languages, including Indonesian entitled Petualangan Tom Sawyer. Thank for the massive popularity,
the novel then was made into a movie with the same title, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
There are many researchers who use this novel as the object of their study. Andriani 2009 is one of those who uses this novel as her object of study. In her
study, Toms Maturity Process as the Result of Conflicts Seen in Mark Twains The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Andriani 2009 discovers three main points. The
first one is Toms characteristics. She describes Tom‘s traits based on the story.
The second one is conflicts experienced by Tom. The third point is the effect of those conflicts to Toms maturity process.
The other writer who discusses about this novel is Sugiono 2001. She uses this book as her study object entitled The Significance of Toms Conflicts in
His Character Development in Mark Twains The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. In her study, Sugiono 2001 has two findings. The first one is conflicts that Tom
experiences in his life. The second one is the influence of Tom‘s conflicts to his character development in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
Harbi 2017 shares his thought through his journal, The Femininity Concept in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. He states that Tom Sawyer is an
adventurous boy, poor, espertissimo, and orphaned. Harbi 2017 explains that related to the reader share ideas in force in American society of the nineteenth
century, it may be possible to be provided by the customs of the characters, vision presented childhood, school model, ideology. Harbi 2017 also states that Mark
Twain reported in a cursory manner the lives of adults in the work, seeks to emphasize more the infant universe, revealing the true essence of the human being
uncorrupted by society: the beauty of ingenuity, the spontaneity, generosity and sincerity present in child.
Seybold 2014 gives a sight of his point of view in his journal Tom Sawyer Impersonates The Original Confidence Man
”. He states that Mark Twain reveals his self-conscious engagement with the conman mythology at the moment
when Tom Sawyers talent for designing elaborate ruses is most abundantly on display. Seybold 2014 explains that when Tom Sawyer compels the boys of St.
Petersburg to aid him in painting Aunt Pollys fence, there is no crime, perfect or otherwise, for crime would imply that were the stark reality of Sawyers actions
and motivations exposed, he would somehow be legally culpable. What Tom is guilty of is a perfect con, one in which pure performance, theatrical and rhetorical,
is made redeemable for commodity, while the duplicitous motives remains obscure, to the benefit of all involved. Seybold 2014 also states that the absence
of conventional currency helps the story maintain its puerile innocence. It can be seen through the whitewashing scene. Tom earned a lot of toys as a payment from
his friends. The preceding studies discuss about The Adventure of Tom Sawyer in
variety of point of views. However, none of them do the study on the influence of friendship to main characters. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer conducted a
study about how the friendship between Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn influences
Tom Sawyer‘s personality development as seen in Mark Twain‘s The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.
2.2. Review of Related Theories
The writer uses some theories in order to answer research questions. Those theories are psychological approach, theory of character, theory of
characterization, theory of needs, theory of friendship, theory of personality development, and theory of persistence and change.
2.2.1. Psychological Approach
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 1971 explain that there are five approaches concerning the study of literature, which are the formalist approach, the
biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach p. 3-15.
Formalist approach insists on the total integrity of literary piece. Concentrating almost entirely on its esthetic value, this approach concerns with
demonstrating the harmonius involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how the meaning is derived from structure and how matters of
technique determine the structure. Biographical approach insists that a work of art is a reflection of a personality, that in the esthetic experience the reader shares the
author‘s consciousness, and that at least part of the reader‘s response is to the author‘s personality.
Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. Civilization means the
attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attidues and actions as its subject matter. Mythopoeic approach insists
that those who use this approach seek to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought which they believe find expression in significant works
of art. Psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate recurrent paterns. It draws on a different body of knowledge which concern‘s on
human behavior in any time or place.
Since this study focuses on both Tom and Huckleberrys personal development, the writer uses psychological approach which investigates
behaviour of the characters as a human being. From the psychological point of view, the motifs behind the actions of characters will be proved. It helps the writer
analyzing research questions. Related to the personal development, Freud explains that the human personality develops from infancy though childhood until
adolescence. One of the most powerful of the conflicts arising from the interplay of the parts of the personality occurs early in childhood Rohrberger Woods Jr.,
1971, p. 14. From many related theories about psychological approach, the writer uses
six theories whose concerns are useful to answer research questions in this study. Those six theories are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of
needs, theory of friendship, theory of personality development, and theory of persistence and change.
2.2.2. Theory of Character
According to Abrams 1985, characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue and by what they do - the action p. 23.
Abrams 1985 states that a character may remain essentially ―stable‖, or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning until end of a work. It may
also undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of motivation and development or as the result of a crisis p. 23. In this study, the researcher will
