17 word “criminology” comes from two words, “crimen” which means crime and
“logos” means knowledge Santoso and Zulfa, 2001: p. 9. Sutherland 1947 divides criminology into three parts, those are
sociology of law, criminal etiology, and penology. Sociology of law analyzes how law is formed; criminal etiology analyzes the motive behind a crime; and
penology is a study the development of crime punishment; the definition of punishment and; the benefits of the punishment. Here, the researcher emphasizes
the criminal etiology in which the researcher is going to analyze Mason‟s crime motives. There are some theories which are used to analyze motives behind crime
based on Sutherland 1947 and Mannheim 1965.
2.1.4.1 Theory of Deferential Association
The first basic concept of deferential association based on Sutherland 1939 explains that making friends with criminals does not mean that it turns
someone into a criminal. The point is the “communication” process between
someone with the criminal. The concept itself is based on three basic behaviors. 1 everyone will accept and follow every behavior, 2 the failure of following
behavior causes inconsistence and inharmonic, and 3 the conflict of culture is the principle in explaining crime.
The second concept of deferential association based on Sutherland 1947 emphasizes that someone can learn bad behavior through close association. On
other hand, crime can be learned in a group through interaction and
18 communication. Usually, someone learns techniques and reasons motives,
rationalization, and behavior to support the crime in the group.
2.1.4.2 Theory of Anomie
Anomie is a portrait of deregulation situation in the society, Durkheim, 1893. Deregulation is a situation where people loss important values that must be
developed in the environment. The loss of important values can be happened because the some modern societies tend to accept another culture without making
adjustment to their cultures. As the result, they do not have strong fundamentals which cause inability to measure their own good or bad action. The concrete
example is the anarchy action in the society such as bombardment. In this case, the fugitive only follows the order without realizing the impact to the society.
2.1.4.3 Theory of Subculture
Subculture theory is customs and ideas of a particular group of people within a society. One of the subculture is juvenile delinquency which exists
hereditary. Cohen and Albert 1955 state that “the crucial condition for the
emergence of new cultural forms is the existence, in effective interaction with one another, of a number of actors with similar problems of adjustment
” p. 59. There are two concept of juvenile delinquency based on experts. The first is theory of
subculture of Cohen and Albert 1955. They state that juvenile delinquency is mostly occurred among lower class teenagers. Those teenagers form a gang which
brings bad influences. The second is theory of opportunity of Cloward and Ohlin
