21 are descriptive, causal, and normative approach. Each approach has standards how
a case can be determined as a crime. In order to make it clearer, the researcher provides the explanation of each approach:
2.1.5.1 Descriptive Approach
This approach is done by conducting observation and collecting data which are related to criminal behavior, crime type, the crime frequency, characteristics
of the criminal age and sex, and the development of criminal career. However, Mannheim emphasizes that there are some requirements of applying this
approach, those are; firstly, the evidences collecting cannot be done randomly, those must be taken selectively. The evidences must be based on accurate
investigations. After evidences collecting process, there must be interpretation, evaluation, and explanation toward the evidences.
2.1.5.2 Causal Relationship Approach
The concept of causal relationship approach is analyzing the causes of why someone commits crime. Causal relationship in criminology context is different
from law context. Causal relationship in law context, a crime case can be prosecuted if there is evidence of causal relationship between forbidden cause and
result. Whereas causal relationship in criminology context is investigated after it is proven in law.
22
2.1.5.3 Normative Approach
Criminology is idiographic discipline and nomothetic discipline. As idiographic discipline, criminology sudies about evidences, causes and
possibilities in an individual case. As nomothetic discipline, criminology has purpose to find appropriate laws.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
There are some theories that enable the researcher to analyze the research problems. Nevertheless, the researcher only uses some elements in theory of
motivation and motive, theory of basic emotions and criminology approach which proper to analyze the problems.
The theory of basic emotions and theory of motivation are used to answer w
hat Mason‟s motives of selling nuke are. There are two kinds of motivation: self-actualization and hierarchy needs by Maslow 1987. The researcher also uses
theory of human basic emotions by Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson and O‟Connor
2001 to analyze the first problem. In this case, the researcher uses disappointment theory. For the second problem, the researcher uses theory of
anxiety by Beck 1978. There are two kinds of anxiety which are used, those are philosophical by Kiergaard. Besides those theories, the researcher also used
criminology approach by Sutherland 1947 and Mannheim 1965 to answer the problems. This approach is used to analyze the criteria of crimes in novel Zero
Day.
