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Nababan 1993:27 differs bilingualism and bilinguality. According to him, bilingualism is habitual to use two languages to interact with other people.
Bilinguality is an ability to use two languages. So, we can conclude that bilingualism is habitual; bilinguality is ability and bilingual is the person.
Furthermore, Bloomfield 1933:56 defines the bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of first language as good as the
second language”. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if shehe able to use the first language as well as the second language. However, many arguments
toward Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism. First, it’s not easy to evaluate the ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use and second, is there
any speaker that using the second language as well as first language, and it is rarely to find someone who master in two languages as well.
2.3. Code
Code is the particular language one chooses to use in any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties. When people are about to
speak, they have to choose a particular code to express their minds of feeling. The particular code in this case can be a particular language, dialect, style, register, or
variety. Therefore, in daily situation people may use different code in different situation.
In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. There are
situations the bilinguals may want to consider for example, who speaks to them, in
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which language or variety, and when or where the conversation takes place. To a bilingual or multilingual, although choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in
deciding which code should be chosen still needs developing. The skill of choosing the language is classified as a communicative competence and it is basically
developed by observing factors found in the social context of language uses. In other words, a code is a system of rules that allow us to give information in
symbolic form. Human language is also a code, consist of words that represent ideas, events, and objects. When it put together in certain circumstance, it will help us to
communicate. Hymes in Jendra, 2010: 71 states that, there are eight factors that bilingual,
multilingual, or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and
Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of Interaction, and Genre.
a. Setting and Scene
The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing the code. People may consider
choosing a more formal variety of language when talking in an office than when talking in a picnic place. A more moderate attitude in speaking
is also found in a ritual or ceremonial occasion than in a street or supermarket.
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b. Participants
