them are related to the topics of the text. The authors utilize repetition within their text to repeat the important word that related to the text topic.
Sometimes, too many repetitions of words make the readers tedious, to avoid that the writer can choose an alternative way by using synonyms or near
synonyms which is another word that still has same or near same meaning. In the
text 1,there are no synonym, but there is one near synonym. The near synonym
between nouns chief and captain in sentences 7 and 9. The words chief and captain almost have the same meaning, generally each other have definition as a
leader.
There is one superordinate
“country and “French” in sentence 9, French is specific significance from country. superordinate is used by the author
to reveal a specific word hyponym by its general reference hypernym. And the
last form of reiteration that delivered in the text 1 is general word. General word
is used by the author as a general term that can cover almost everything. It occurs between
“UEFA Cup” and “competition” in sentences 5, as a general noun “competition” used to refers back “UEFA Cup”.
b. Collocation
The second device of lexical cohesion is collocation. Collocation occurs in the text 1 are showed by
“national team” “captain” “coach” in sentences 9 and
“players” in sentence 8. It is part to whole, because players, captain, and
coach are part of national team. The words, players, captain, and coach used the
domain of sports fields that have collocation tie with national team.
a. Text 2 AFC Chief Backs Moving 2022 World Cup to Winter 1 Grammatical cohesion
a Reference 1. Personal reference
The personal reference items that occur in the text 2 are personal pronoun as a subject I, you, they, we, it, and possessive determiner possessive adjectives
his, our, its, their. a
L.5: … Bin Hammam said Tuesday his country is capable of organizing the 2022 tournament in June and July.his refers to
Bin Hammam in the preceding text.
b L.6: They have actually presented the solution for heat
challenges… they refers to Qatar‟s government. c
L.6 : …So our country actually [is] ready and willing to host a very comfortable World Cup in the summer season. Our
refers to Qatar‟s government in the preceding text. d
L.7 : … he said through an interpreter. He refers to Mohammed bin Hammam.
e
L.9: … says it would be better to play when the weather is
cooler… it refers to 2022 World Cup. f
L.10: … he added that it is premature to suggest co-hosting the tournament with other countries in the region. he refers to
Bin Hammam and it refers to non person as a situation.
g L.12: European teams appear to be split on whether it is a
good idea to shift the tournament to a cooler time of the year. it refers to moving 2022 world cup to the winter months.
h L.13 and 14: England national team coach Fabio Capello says
the heat would force his team to spend most of its time in the hotel. His refers to Fabio Capello in the preceding text, and its
refers to England national team in the preceding text .
i L.15: it is a big problem because when you stay together for a
long time you need to relax, to do something different… it refers to moving world cup to the winter months, and you
refers to the reporter.
j L.19: But Sandro Rosell, president of Spanish football powerhouse FC Barcelona. Says the move would be disruptive
and force some of Europe‟s top leagues to change their schedules. Their refers to FC Barcelona in the preceding text.
k L.20 and L.21 : I have to defend to play in June and July because I
don‟t like to break the Spanish league because it is
one of the leagues in Europe that has continuity during
January,” said Rosell . I refers to Sandro Rosell, and it refers to the Spanish league.
There are personal pronouns as a subject delivered in the text, but there are no personal pronouns as an object. That personal pronoun are it L.9, 10, 12,
and 15 refer to moving the 2022 World Cup, but it in the line 20 L.20 refers to the Spanish league. He L.7 and L.10 refers to Mohamed bin Hammam. I
L.20 refers to Sandro Rosell, and you L.15 refers to the reporter of VoAnews.com agency.
Personal reference as a possessive determiner that occurs on the text 3 contains of his L.5 refers to Muhamed bin Hammam, whereas his L.13 refers
to Fabio Capello. Our L.6 refers to the Qatar‟s government and their L.19
refers to FC Barcelona. From the personal references above, every pronoun replaces each subject
suitable by its own equivalence. Personal pronouns are very helpful in order to avoid repetition.
2 Demonstrative reference
There are three demonstrative references items which visible in the text 2, the, that, and this. Neutral demonstrative represented by definite article the, and
the selective participant demonstrative represented by this and that.
1 L.1: Muhamed bin Hammam of Qatar, the head of the
Asian Football Confederation AFC…. The is signal of identity, shows to identify the leader or chief of Asian
Football Confederation AFC.
2
L.16:.… For that reason I think the good idea will be to play in January or February..
3 L.22: FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar earlier this
month, beating out the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea.
That and this refer something that has been mention before; the differences are that for far proximity and this for near proximity. That in the text as
representative of the big problem which has been explained before, whereas this as representative of a month where FIFA will be held the 2022 World Cup
competition. The author uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity.
3 Comparative reference. The comparative reference in the text 2 is expressed only by particular
comparison through epithet -er. They are better, cooler, and earlier 1 L.89 : Bin Hammam, who is also a member of the football
world governing body‟s FIFA executive committee, says it would be better to play when the weather is cooler
….
2 L. 22: FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar earlier
this month, beating out the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea.
Better, cooler, and earlier are comparative adjective. The author of the text uses comparative reference to show compared item within a text in terms of
identity or similarity.
a. Conjunction
