1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research The general function of language is as a social communication device.
Every human being in their life cannot be separated from communication events. Through a communication they can express their idea, concept, purpose, opinion,
thought, etc. The main tool to solve it is language. When people talk an idea, the main point that should has attention not only language but also comprehension
substance. Through a comprehension, the purpose and aim are conveyed clearly. The comprehension will appear by itself if an idea is delivered in a cohesive.
Cohesiveness in a text or discourse is the most crucial thing. The harmony and the links between one sentence and another sentence are the main key of
determining legibility factor. A state element that refers to each other and has semantically relation, it is called cohesion. With cohesion, a discourse to be
coherent: each part forming discourse.
1
Writing is discourse. Discourse is a unit of the largest or highest language above the sentence or clause with the high coherence and cohesion that have
sustained in the beginning and ending that delivered orally or in writing.
2
The discourse often encounters in human life, whether written or oral. Written
1
Kushartanti dkk, Pesona Bahasa Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005 , p. 96
2
H.G. Tarigan. Pengajaran Wacana. Bandung : Angkasa, 1987 , p. 27
discourse should be interconnected between one and another series to find an idea or concepts presented in the discourse.
A good discourse is inseparable from the cohesion and coherence elements. Cohesion has a connection between sentences in a discourse, include
grammatical and lexical stratum in particular.
3
Coherence has a connection of cohesion meaning between parts of discourse.
4
Cohesion discern the relationship or bond discourse, while the coherence discern a whole of the meaning that
conveyed by a discourse. If a discourse is cohesive, it will be created coherency. Its means the content of discourse is correct.
5
Without cohesion, it will not be created coherency, for instance, attention this following sentences:
“John and William go to library, he wants to borrow some books.”
The sentence above is not cohesive; because the pronoun is he male does not clearly to lead anyone. Does lead to John, William, or lead to both. If it lead to
both, pronoun he should be replaced with They. The sentence is not cohesive, it cannot be understood by the readers and can make ambiguity meaning. Without
cohesion markers, a discourse has some difficulty to understand. In this research, the writer will only examine cohesion markers. Coherence
will not be analyzed, according to semantic explanation; it only can be analyzed based on cohesion aspects. In other words, cohesion learns to identify the meaning
that described in a text, through the elements which refers to each other and have
3
Ibid,,. p. 96
4
M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. London and New York : Longman, 1976 , p. 148
5
Abdul Chaer. Linguistik Umum, Jakarta : Rineka Cipta, 2007 , p. 267
semantically related. Therefore, the writer chooses cohesion device as object analysis because it‟s a base component to establish the text harmoniously.
Cohesion is the most important thing needed in the cohesiveness of a text or discourse, including in the journalistic text. For the example, people can
encounter it in print media such as newspapers, magazines, bulletins, even nowadays and a long with development period and technology all of media
producer have online media business. Not only print media producer but also electronic media producer also reach the online media business. Online media is
an internet website that contains the actual information like print media.
6
No doubt the online media nowadays has become favourite media for people, because
it presents update news, fast, and also for people who have high mobility, online media can help them to obtaining news or information.
Like the written language, online media that contain the texts about actual news should be written in cohesion to be understood by readers. Because its
function as a mediation between society and the world.
7
In order the message or content of news is delivered to the reader clearly, it must be poured into a
cohesion sentences by using cohesion markers. It means a text should not be separated from cohesion that divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion
and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,
6
Samrinkhan, Pengertian jurnalistik..accessed on November 9
th
2010. http:samrinkhan.wo rdpress.com20071115pengertian-jurnalistik
7
Suhaimi and Rully Nasrullah, Bahasa Jurnalistik Jakarta : UIN Jakarta, 2009 , p.3
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Lexical cohesion is the way aspect of vocabulary link parts of text together. It contains reiteration and collocation.
8
Through this research, the writer analyses how cohesion markers used in journalistic text and the cohesiveness degree of it. Cohesion markers consist of
grammatical and lexical cohesion markers. In this research, the writer has taken the journalistic text from one of the most famous media in the world,
voanews.com. Especially journalistic text of sport news, because sport news is close to the society and contain light news always accessed by many people,
especially the young people. VoA or Voice of America is a part of American government agencies that carry out foreign broadcasts that was established on
February 24
th
1942. The office centre of VoA in Washington DC, the representative offices and VoA correspondent spread over the world. VoA
broadcasts news in English and 53 other languages through radio, television, and internet.
9
As the famous media in the world, VoA through the online media also success become a favorite media for online news devotee. Therefore, the writer is
interested to analysis how the concept of cohesion has applied in journalistic text of VoAnews.com.
The concept of cohesion according Halliday and Hasan through their book, Cohesion in English states that
“The concept of cohesion is a semantic one;it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as
a text”.
10
The concept of cohesion is a semantic connection, which refers to the
8
M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan 1976 , op.cit. 148
9
http:www.voanews.comindonesiannewsa-32-a-2002-06-03-12-1-85177122.html , accessed on
November 10
th
2010
10
M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan 1976, op.cit. , p.4
connection of meaning in the text and defines it as text. Therefore, cohesion and text could not be separated in order to establish a cohesive discourse and to
understand the readers. For the example of cohesive sentence, check this following excerpt sentence from journalistic text published by VoAnews.com, on
December 1
st
2010:
“Minutes before the midnight, Wednesday deadline. Electoral Commision chief Youssouf Bakoyoko appeared on state-run television to explain the delay.
Bakoyoko asked for patience, saying the Electoral Commision is continuing is to
work but is not yet ready to announce result from Sunday’s vote”. In the example above, the words which bold and underlined are the
elements of lexical cohesion marker of reiteration. Reiteration is marker of lexical cohesion which the item refers back to another, to which it is related by having a
common referent.
11
The example above contains one type of reiteration called by repetition. Repetition of the same word and performed to mark the important
words and emphasize something is definition of repetition. The temporary hypothesis, cohesion is applied in journalistic text of
voanews.com by its own editor, but how the form of cohesion markers has used and how far the degree of cohesiveness, will be answered through this research.
VoAnews.com which is one of the leading online media sites and has many readers should have coherent sentences and contains the elements of cohesion in it.
B. Focus of the Research This research is limited by focusing on the grammatical and lexical cohesion
11
Ibid,. p. 29
and its markers, of the journalistic text of the journalistic text at VoAnews.com as research object. Edition of December 27
th
2010 – December 30
th
2010. C. Research Question
Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these following questions:
1. What kinds of the grammatical and lexical devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?
2. What is the dominant cohesion devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?
3. How far the degree of cohesiveness of lexical and grammatical cohesion devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?
D. Significances of the Research The significance of the study is to give a new contribution in linguistic
study especially about cohesion devices. The writer hopes that this research can give the advantages for the readers and the writer herself, for the
VoAnews.com’ s journalists, this research can give the information about the degree of
cohesiveness on their journalistic texts, and give inspiration to other students who want to develop the similar study in the future.
E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research
Relating to the research questions above, the objectives of study are: a To identify how the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices
utilized in journalistic text of VoAnews.com.
b To know the dominant cohesion device utilized in journalistic text of VoAnews.com.
c To know the cohesiveness degree of VoAnews.com journalistic text.
2. Method of the Research In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method of discourse
analysis in which the writer describes grammatical and lexical cohesion markers contained in this research object. Through this method, the writer tries to analyze
and classify whether it is included the grammatical or lexical cohesion. In addition, the writer also uses Scinto formula to determine the degree of
cohesiveness. 3. Data Analysis
In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. First the writer collects the whole books that are relevant to cohesion in journalistic text.
Then, the writer reads some theories of cohesion. Afterwards, the writer chooses some journalistic text especially sport news published in VoAnews.com. Last, the
writer analyzes the classified data using cohesion theory and determines the degree of cohesiveness of journalistic text.
4. Instrument of the Research The main instrument of this study is the writer herself; she gets all
information by reading some books and other references. Then, she will analyze the selected data, like reading, identifying, and grouping the text and making is
as data to analysis by using theory of Halliday and Hasan through their book
Cohesion in English. And to determine the degree of cohesiveness of the text the writer uses Scinto formula that printed through Carrolyn Hartnett book Static
and Dynamic Cohesion. 5. Unit of Analysis
The analysis unit in this research is the journalistic text of Voanews.com, which are chosen of December 2010.
Text 1 UEFA President Platini Ensured of Second Term in 2011 122310 Text 2 AFC Chief Backs Moving 2022 World Cup to Winter 122810
Text 3 A Number of Firsts Highlighted 2010 Year in Sports 122810 Text 4 FIFA Head Issues Year-End Message 122910
Text 5 Malaysia Celebrates Controversial ASEAN Football Championship 123010
F. Place and Time of the Research This research is accomplished by at the end of semester 7, 20102011 in
English Letter Department, Adab and Humaniora Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. All the materials are taken from the
library, such as Library of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Library of Adab and Humaniora Faculty, Library of UNIKA Atmajaya, Library of
University of Indonesia, and other library that can be references of this study.
9
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Kategori