An Aalysis grmmatical and lexical cohesion on the journalistic of VoANEWS.COM

NURUL LAILI MARIANI FADJRIN

107026001224

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

NURUL LAILI MARIANI FADJRIN

107026001224

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

i

Cohesion of Journalistic Text in Online Media VoAnews.com. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Departement, Adab anf Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, 2011).

The thesis examines grammatical and lexical cohesion in journalistic text. The main object of the research is to know kind of the cohesion devices (grammatical and lexical cohesion) utilize in journalistic text, to know the dominant cohesion devices which are used and to know the cohesiveness degree of cohesion markers. The objective of this research is to identify the uses cohesion in journalistic text of online media VoAnews.com

As the result of the research, based on Halliday and Hasan theory about cohesion, the writer concludes that all kind of grammatical and lexical cohesion devices utilize in the journalistic texts which the writer analyze. They are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as grammatical cohesion device, while repetition, synonym, near-synonym, superordinate, general word, and collocation as lexical cohesion device. But generally lexical cohesion devices are very rarely utilized in the text, except repetition.

The dominant device of grammatical cohesion is reference, its percentage reaches 56.64 %. Meanwhile the dominant device of lexical cohesion is repetition, its percentage attains 15.39%.

The cohesiveness degree each markers are different, grammatical cohesion devices reach very high level of cohesiveness degree, the percentage average of cohesiveness degree attains 85.77 %. Contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices is very low. Its percentage average only reaches 50.01 %.

ii

THE JOURNALISTIC TEXT OF VoANEWS.COM A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin 107026001224

Approved by

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT LETTER AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

iii

Title : An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of VoAnews.com

The thesis has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty‟ Examination Committee on July 04, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, July 04, 2011

The Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Chair Person) 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Advisor) 19640710 199303 1 006

4. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner I) 19650919 20003 1 002

5. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum (Examiner II) 19780126 200312 2 002

iv

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, May 18, 2011

Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin

v

First and foremost, praise belongs to Allah SWT, the Most Merciful of the world. Thank for all of grace to the writer, for the chance to take a breath in every second, for give her a wonderful life, for guide her to finishing this thesis. May peace and blessing of Allah be upon the messenger of Allah, Muhammad SAW, his family and his companions.

In this occasion, the writer would be saying thanks to her beloved parents Mohammad Dawam and Siti Suyanti , the great parents she had, who have given their support and full-financial during her study, for giving their everlasting loves, cares, and supports. Thank for their love, care, and huge in every my step her life.

Thanks for all the meaningful persons that help the writer do this research. It would not finish without their aids and supports. They are as follow:

1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag as a Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin,M.Pd, as the head of English Letters Departement. And also as a advisor of the writer for guiding, suggesting, giving her helpful correction and encouragement from the beginning until the thesis was completed. Mrs. Elve Oktafiany, M.Hum the Secretary of English Letters.

vi

4. Her beloved brother Angga Rizal Nurhudha S.Sos.I, and her beloved little sister Bunga Ayu Lestari for giving their supports.

5. Her Beloved cousins, Mba Iyas, dek Hanny, dek Itah, dek Nurul, dek Anna, dek Dewi, mas Ilham, dek Iwan, mas Afgan, mas Irfan, for always motivating the writer to finish this thesis.

6. Her bestfriends, “PUZLE” Putri Martanti, Ines Fitriani, Nur Azni Wardani and “Geng Semangka” Dewi Permata, Nur Izma , Esa Yolanda, thanks for the gorgeous friendship.

7. English Letters Fellows, especially linguistic class; Yasir, Hendry, Daddy, Anwar, Ilham, Sangka, Toriq, Sohib, Lia, Nca, Hapzah, Anna, etc, and KKN 2 Syahida for laugh, jokes, happiness, and a lot of beautiful memories.

8. Choir Community “PSM UIN Jakarta” for the beautiful serenade, great musical note, and fabulous experiences.

9. Her close companions, Prisqila Dewi, Weni D. Jayanti, M. Oktaviano Benardhy, Nurlianingsih, and Abdul Gofur, for their motivation strength, supports, cares, and long friendship. You are my good listeners for my grievances. Astriadi Setrawandana, you are a friend, teacher, motivator, thanks for entertaining, motivating, helping, and teaching the writer in many things.

vii

11.IKRAM members (Nduls, Beben, Dabo, Vita ,Ayu, Nita, Mas iyo, Mas Medhy) and all persons who encourage her to finish this thesis that cannot mention one by one, thanks for your kindness

Jakarta, July, 2011

viii

APPROVEMENT……….. ii

LEGALIZATION………..…iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT………..vii

TABLE OF CONTENT………viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Focus of the Research ... 5

C. Research Questions ... 6

D. Significance of the Research ... 6

E. Research Methodology ... 6

1. Objective of the Research ... 6

2. Method of the Research ... 7

3. Technique of Data Analysis ... 7

4. Instrument of the Research... 7

5. Unit of Analysis ... 8

F. Time and Place of the Research ... 8

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 9

A. The Definition of Discourse ... 9

ix

1). Reference ... 13

2). Substitution ... 19

3). Ellipsis ... 21

4). Conjunction ... 22

b. Lexical Cohesion ... 24

1). Reiteration ... 25

a). Repetition ... 25

b). Synonym ... 26

c) Near-Synonym. ... 26

d). Superordinate ... 26

e). General Word ... 27

2). Collocation ... 27

D. The Degree of Cohesiveness ... 28

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS………...30

A. Data Description... 30

B. Data Analysis ... 34

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 60

A. Conclusion ... 69

B. Suggestion ... 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 72

1 A. Background of the Research

The general function of language is as a social communication device. Every human being in their life cannot be separated from communication events. Through a communication they can express their idea, concept, purpose, opinion, thought, etc. The main tool to solve it is language. When people talk an idea, the main point that should has attention not only language but also comprehension substance. Through a comprehension, the purpose and aim are conveyed clearly. The comprehension will appear by itself if an idea is delivered in a cohesive.

Cohesiveness in a text or discourse is the most crucial thing. The harmony and the links between one sentence and another sentence are the main key of determining legibility factor. A state element that refers to each other and has semantically relation, it is called cohesion. With cohesion, a discourse to be coherent: each part forming discourse.1

Writing is discourse. Discourse is a unit of the largest or highest language above the sentence or clause with the high coherence and cohesion that have sustained in the beginning and ending that delivered orally or in writing. 2 The discourse often encounters in human life, whether written or oral. Written

1

Kushartanti dkk, Pesona Bahasa ( Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005 ), p. 96

2

discourse should be interconnected between one and another series to find an idea or concepts presented in the discourse.

A good discourse is inseparable from the cohesion and coherence elements. Cohesion has a connection between sentences in a discourse, include grammatical and lexical stratum in particular. 3 Coherence has a connection of cohesion meaning between parts of discourse. 4 Cohesion discern the relationship or bond discourse, while the coherence discern a whole of the meaning that conveyed by a discourse. If a discourse is cohesive, it will be created coherency. Its means the content of discourse is correct. 5 Without cohesion, it will not be created coherency, for instance, attention this following sentences:

“John and William go to library, hewants to borrow some books.” The sentence above is not cohesive; because the pronoun is he (male) does not clearly to lead anyone. Does lead to John, William, or lead to both. If it lead to both, pronoun (he) should be replaced with (They). The sentence is not cohesive, it cannot be understood by the readers and can make ambiguity meaning. Without cohesion markers, a discourse has some difficulty to understand.

In this research, the writer will only examine cohesion markers. Coherence will not be analyzed, according to semantic explanation; it only can be analyzed based on cohesion aspects. In other words, cohesion learns to identify the meaning that described in a text, through the elements which refers to each other and have

3

Ibid,,. p. 96

4

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. ( London and New York : Longman,

1976 ), p. 148

5

semantically related. Therefore, the writer chooses cohesion device as object

analysis because it‟s a base component to establish the text harmoniously.

Cohesion is the most important thing needed in the cohesiveness of a text or discourse, including in the journalistic text. For the example, people can encounter it in print media such as newspapers, magazines, bulletins, even nowadays and a long with development period and technology all of media producer have online media business. Not only print media producer but also electronic media producer also reach the online media business. Online media is an internet website that contains the actual information like print media.6 No doubt the online media nowadays has become favourite media for people, because it presents update news, fast, and also for people who have high mobility, online media can help them to obtaining news or information.

Like the written language, online media that contain the texts about actual news should be written in cohesion to be understood by readers. Because its function as a mediation between society and the world. 7 In order the message or content of news is delivered to the reader clearly, it must be poured into a cohesion sentences by using cohesion markers. It means a text should not be separated from cohesion that divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,

6

Samrinkhan, Pengertian jurnalistik..accessed on November 9th 2010. http://samrinkhan.wo

rdpress.com/2007/11/15/pengertian-jurnalistik/

7

substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Lexical cohesion is the way aspect of vocabulary link parts of text together. It contains reiteration and collocation.8

Through this research, the writer analyses how cohesion markers used in journalistic text and the cohesiveness degree of it. Cohesion markers consist of grammatical and lexical cohesion markers. In this research, the writer has taken the journalistic text from one of the most famous media in the world, voanews.com. Especially journalistic text of sport news, because sport news is close to the society and contain light news always accessed by many people, especially the young people. VoA or Voice of America is a part of American government agencies that carry out foreign broadcasts that was established on February 24th 1942. The office centre of VoA in Washington DC, the representative offices and VoA correspondent spread over the world. VoA broadcasts news in English and 53 other languages through radio, television, and internet. 9 As the famous media in the world, VoA through the online media also success become a favorite media for online news devotee. Therefore, the writer is interested to analysis how the concept of cohesion has applied in journalistic text of VoAnews.com.

The concept of cohesion according Halliday and Hasan through their book, Cohesion in English states that “The concept of cohesion is a semantic one;it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text”.10

The concept of cohesion is a semantic connection, which refers to the

8

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976) , op.cit. 148

9

http://www.voanews.com/indonesian/news/a-32-a-2002-06-03-12-1-85177122.html, accessed on

November 10th 2010

10

connection of meaning in the text and defines it as text. Therefore, cohesion and text could not be separated in order to establish a cohesive discourse and to understand the readers. For the example of cohesive sentence, check this following excerpt sentence from journalistic text published by VoAnews.com, on December 1st 2010:

“Minutes before the midnight, Wednesday deadline. Electoral Commision chief Youssouf Bakoyoko appeared on state-run television to explain the delay. Bakoyoko asked for patience, saying the Electoral Commision is continuing is to work but is not yet ready to announce result from Sunday’s vote”.

In the example above, the words which bold and underlined are the elements of lexical cohesion marker of reiteration. Reiteration is marker of lexical cohesion which the item refers back to another, to which it is related by having a common referent.11 The example above contains one type of reiteration called by repetition. Repetition of the same word and performed to mark the important words and emphasize something is definition of repetition.

The temporary hypothesis, cohesion is applied in journalistic text of voanews.com by its own editor, but how the form of cohesion markers has used and how far the degree of cohesiveness, will be answered through this research. VoAnews.com which is one of the leading online media sites and has many readers should have coherent sentences and contains the elements of cohesion in it. B. Focus of the Research

This research is limited by focusing on the grammatical and lexical cohesion

11

and its markers, of the journalistic text of the journalistic text at VoAnews.com as research object. (Edition of December 27th 2010 – December 30th 2010).

C. Research Question

Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these following questions:

1. What kinds of the grammatical and lexical devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?

2. What is the dominant cohesion devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?

3. How far the degree of cohesiveness of lexical and grammatical cohesion devices utilized in journalistic text of sport news of VoAnews.com?

D. Significances of the Research

The significance of the study is to give a new contribution in linguistic study especially about cohesion devices. The writer hopes that this research can give the advantages for the readers and the writer herself, for the VoAnews.com’ s journalists, this research can give the information about the degree of cohesiveness on their journalistic texts, and give inspiration to other students who want to develop the similar study in the future.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

Relating to the research questions above, the objectives of study are: a) To identify how the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices

b) To know the dominant cohesion device utilized in journalistic text of VoAnews.com.

c) To know the cohesiveness degree of VoAnews.com journalistic text.

2. Method of the Research

In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method of discourse analysis in which the writer describes grammatical and lexical cohesion markers contained in this research object. Through this method, the writer tries to analyze and classify whether it is included the grammatical or lexical cohesion. In addition, the writer also uses Scinto formula to determine the degree of cohesiveness.

3. Data Analysis

In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. First the writer collects the whole books that are relevant to cohesion in journalistic text. Then, the writer reads some theories of cohesion. Afterwards, the writer chooses some journalistic text especially sport news published in VoAnews.com. Last, the writer analyzes the classified data using cohesion theory and determines the degree of cohesiveness of journalistic text.

4. Instrument of the Research

The main instrument of this study is the writer herself; she gets all information by reading some books and other references. Then, she will analyze the selected data, like reading, identifying, and grouping the text and making is as data to analysis by using theory of Halliday and Hasan through their book

(Cohesion in English). And to determine the degree of cohesiveness of the text the writer uses Scinto formula that printed through Carrolyn Hartnett book (Static and Dynamic Cohesion).

5. Unit of Analysis

The analysis unit in this research is the journalistic text of Voanews.com, which are chosen of December 2010.

Text 1 ( UEFA President Platini Ensured of Second Term in 2011 ) 12/23/10

Text 2 (AFC Chief Backs Moving 2022 World Cup to Winter ) 12/28/10

Text 3 (A Number of Firsts Highlighted 2010 Year in Sports ) 12/28/10

Text 4 (FIFA Head Issues Year-End Message ) 12/29/10

Text 5 (Malaysia Celebrates Controversial ASEAN Football Championship) 12/30/10

F. Place and Time of the Research

This research is accomplished by at the end of semester 7, 2010/2011 in English Letter Department, Adab and Humaniora Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. All the materials are taken from the library, such as Library of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Library of Adab and Humaniora Faculty, Library of UNIKA Atmajaya, Library of University of Indonesia, and other library that can be references of this study.

9 A. The Definition of Discourse

The study of discourse, or discourse analysis, is concerned with how speakers combine sentences into boarder speech units. 12

Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions, interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, valuing, and using various symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable identity.13 Unlike the sentence whose boundaries appear intuitively clear, the discourse unit is not as clearly definable. 14 In other word, discourse has unlimited boundaries that cover a lot of domain, especially social domain. It is like a statement that reveals by Teun A Van Djik, discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the social domain.15

Generally, discourse refers to a text unity whether it is spoken language or written language, it does not need to refer the rational and logic contains. Such as, poem, conversation, tragedy, etc. A unity of discourse structure closer to lexical unity than syntaxes unity. A sentence series is called discourse if it has emotional

12

Victoria Prompkin, et al., An Introduction to Language, seventh edition .( Boston : Heinle, Thomson Corp,2003), p. 209

13

James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: theory and method. ( New York and

London :Routledge , 2005 ), p. 21

14

Roy O. Freedle, Discourse Production and Comprehension. ( Norwood : Ablex Publishing

Corporation , 1982), p. 94

15

Teun A.Van Dijk, Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4 ( London : Academic Press Inc , 1985

connection from a part to another part, In other words, its topic sentences should be supported by the other sentences.

B. The Definition of Text Unity

A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence; and it is not defined by its size. A text is not something that is like a sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit not of form but by meaning.16 It is a glance about text definition according Halliday and Hasan. From their explanation above, text cannot be supposed by grammatical aspect but it is the semantic one. Text is a combination of the sentences that connect each other and make a unity.

Halliday and Hasan through their book Cohesion in English states “the word text is used in linguistics to refers any passage, spoken, or written, or whatever length, that does form a unified whole.”17 It is equal from Crystal assertion that text is a piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, or signed discourse identified for purposes of analysis.18

From the official statements above, we know that text can be spoken or written form. Spoken or oral form can be seen in a speech, conversation,

16

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit., pp. 1-2

17

Ibid.

18

presentation, etc. Whereas written text can be seen in newspapers, articles, stories, etc, are considered as to be the part of written language.

Texts also have texture because they contain numerous linguistic markers

establishing what Halliday and Hasan refer to as a „tie‟. Some of linguistic marker

that links two part of a text together.19 The concept of texture is entirely

appropriate to express the property of „being a text‟. And then, tie is a term for

one occurrence of a pair of cohesively relation items.20

C. The Concept of Cohesion

The term of cohesion is familiar in the study of language. Cohesion is part of the system of language. It is introduced by Halliday and Hasan in 1976, through their book Cohesion in English. The simplest definition proposed by Halliday and Hasan is that “it refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text”.

Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text.

According the simple example that proposed Halliday and Hasan; “Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish”. It is clear that the word them in the second sentence refers back to the six cooking apples in the first

19

Ronald Wardhaugh, Introduction to Linguistics, ( New York : University of Michigan, 1972),

p. 81

20

sentence. The word them gives cohesion to the sentences, so that is interpreted as a whole. Halliday and Hasan give details of the example that the word them presupposes for its interpretation something other than itself. This requirement is met by the six cooking apples in the preceding sentence. The presupposition and the fact that is resolved, provide cohesion between the two sentences, and in doing create text.21

Halliday and Hasan, moreover, put forward that the function of cohesion is to relate one part of a text to another part of the same text. In other words cohesion functions as a tie to link one sentence to another. The actualization of cohesion in any given instance, Halliday and Hasan examine, does not depend merely on the selection of some option from within those resources, but also on the selection of some other element which resolves the presupposition that this sets up. For example in the selection of the word apples we cannot see that it has cohesive power by itself, a cohesive relation is set up only if the same word or a word related to it such as fruit has arise previously. Halliday and Hasan point out that the cohesion lies in the relation that is set up between the sentences.

1. The Cohesion Devices

However, cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of text which can form connections between parts of the text. 22 Furthermore Halliday and Hasan classify cohesion into two category, grammatical

21

Ibid. pp. 2- 5

22

Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen. Collaborating towards Coherence : Lexical Cohesion in English

cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion markers consist of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Whereas, the markers of lexical cohesion consist of reiteration and collocation. All of cohesion devices, being on the surface on the text, can be observed, counted, and analyzed, and are therefore more objective.

a. Grammatical Cohesion Devices

Grammatical cohesion is a semantic element connection that marked by grammatical tools. Grammatical cohesion devices are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

1) Reference

The term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship, which holds between a word and what it points to in the real world. Reference is the relation between an element of the text and something else by reference to which it is interpreted in the given instance. Reference is a potentially cohesive relation because the thing that serves as the source of the interpretation may itself be an element of text. 23 From the point of discourse analysis, reference has an object that refers a word in the outside of language and in the inside of language.

In addition, Halliday and Hasan classify reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has antecedent in the outside of language (extra textual), whereas endophoric is reference that its antecedent in the inside of text (intra textual). Based on the antecedent location or the direction of

23

its reference, reference divided into two part; anaphoric and cataphoric.24 For more details, in can be seen in this following figure;

Reference

Exophora Endophora

( to preceding text ) ( to following text )

Anaphora Cataphora

Figure 1 : Reference

From the figure above, as a general rule, reference items may be exophoric or endophoric; and if it endophoric, it may be anaphoric or cathaporic. Exophoric, according to them is one, which does not name anything; it signals that reference must be made to the context of situation. Endophoric is textual reference, that is, referring to anything as identified in the surrounding text: Endhoporic reference is further classified into anaphoric and cataphoric. Anaphoric is a relationship whereby the meaning of expressions is recovered from previous mention, whereas

24

Yusrita Yanti.“ Kohesi Grammatikal dalam Wacana English Short Stories”, Konferensi

cataphoric is a relationship whereby the meaning of expressions is recovered from subsequent mention.25

For instance, attention these following sentences:

“They were walking along the street, the old-man and his seven-year old grandson. It was just dust time for themto go home.”

According the example above, a word “they” refers to the old-man and his seven-year old grandson in cataphoric scale. Whereas, a word “them” refers to the old-man and his seven-year oldgrandson in anaphoric scale.

a). Personal reference

Personal reference is a reference by means of function in the speech situation, trough the category of person. There is no general name for this category in traditional grammar, because the members of it belong to different classes with diverse structural roles; but in fact they represent a single system.26 The category of personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns,

possessive determiners (usually called “possessive adjectives‟), and possessive

pronouns. They serve to identify individuals and objects that are named at some other point in the text.27

TABEL 1: Personal Pronoun

25

Guy cook (1989),op.cit., p. 156

26

M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit., p. 43

27

David nunan ( 1993), op.cit., p. 23 PERSONAL

REFERENCE POSSESIVE PRONOUN

subjective case

objective case

determinative

function independent function 1st PERSON

This sentence below is one of example of personal pronoun“Ferry and John got gold medal on the badminton tournament yesterday; they are the best delegation from our university”. Pronoun “they” refers to Ferry and John, it‟s belong to personal pronoun.

b). Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative reference is expressed through determiners and adverb. These items can represent a single word or phrase, or much longer chunks of text

– ranging across several paragraphs or even several pages.28 Demonstrative reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing. The speaker identities the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity. Further explanation, see the following table:

28

Ibid.

Singular I Me My Mine

Plural We Us Our Ours

2nd PERSON

Singular You You Your Yours

Plural You You Your Yours

3rd PERSON Singular

Masculine He Him His His

Singular

Feminine She Her Her Hers

Singular non-Personal

Plural They Them Their Theirs

Singular non -

human it It Its it

Generalized

Tabel 2 : Demonstrative Reference

The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstratives here, there, now, and then refers to the location of process in space or time, and they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function as Adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group. They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there. The remaining (nominal) demonstratives this, these, that, those, and the refer to the location of something, typically some entity-person or object- that is participating in the process; they therefore occur as elements within the nominal group. For instance, see these sentences below:

“There’s a new mall in the Gandaria called Gandaria City. Maybe we’ll go there tomorrow and have a look.”

Semantic Category Selective non-Selective

Grammatical function Modifier/head Adjunct Modifier

Class determiner

Adverb

determiner

( Proximity )

Singular Plural

Time Place

Near this these [ now] here

Far that those Then there

c). Comparative Reference

Comparative reference is cohesion in the form of reference that shows comparison between one thing and another. Comparative reference is expressed adjectives and adverbs and serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity.29 Comparative reference divided into two: „general

comparison‟ and „particular comparison‟. General comparison expresses likeness

between things. The likeness may take the form of identity, where „two things‟ are

like each other.30 While, particular comparison expresses comparability between things in respect of a particular property. Particular comparison must be a standard of reference by which one thing is said to be superior equal, or inferior in quality or quantity. This table below is about comparative reference:

Tabel 3 : Comparative Reference

29

Ibid. p. 24 30

_{M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit., p. 76}

Comparison

general (deictic) particular (non-deictic)

Identity similarity difference Numerative epithet some equal identical such similar other different else more,-fewer,-less- comparative adjectives and adverbs eg: better; so- as- more- less- equally- identically so similarly likewise different else additional; so-as-equally- differently otherwise quantifier, eg: so, many comparative adjectives and adjectives eg: equally good

2). Substitution

Substitution is a relation between linguistic items, such as words or phrases; whereas reference is a relation between meanings. In terms of the linguistic system, reference is a relation on the semantic level, whereas substitution is a relation on the lexicogrammatical level, the level of grammar and vocabulary. In addition, substitution involves a wider range of constructions: not just nouns and pronoun but verbs and adverbs as well.31

Since substitution is grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather in the meaning, the different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than semantically. The criterion in grammatical function substitutes previous item. In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these correspond the three types of substitution; nominal, verbal, and clausal.32

a). Nominal Substitution

Nominal substitution is concerning substitute to nominal group. The pronoun one (or its plural form ones) and same very commonly substitutes for a previously mentioned noun.33

E.g.: There are top ten smart kids in the stages; these ones have got medals from this competition

b). Verbal substitution

Verbal substitution is concerning substitute to verbal group. The verbal

31

Charles F. Meyer. Introducing English linguistic. ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,

2009), p. 104

32

MAK Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit. p. 90

33

substitute in English is do. A word like do/does for refers to a word or groups of words which have appeared in earlier sentence, for example:

E.g.: (1) : You think Peter want to married? I think everybody does.

(2) : Okay, let‟s continue this assignment. Why don‟t we do it tomorrow?

First in (1) does substitutes for want, and in (2) do substitutes for continue.

c). Clausal Substitution

Clausal substitution is one further type of substitution in which what is presupposed is not an element within the clause but in an entire clause the words used as substitutes are so and not. There are three environments in which clausal substitution take place; report, condition and modality. In each of these environments it may take either of two form, positive and negative; the positive is expressed by so, the negative by not. 34

(1). Marry design her room by replaced its wallpaper, bed, and moving almost all items in there. I do so by myself.

(2). Has everyone come late ? I hope not.

Here, so in (1) presuppose the whole of clause design her room by replaced its wallpaper, bed, and moving almost all items in there, and not in (2) presupposes everyone come late.

34

3) Ellipsis

Ellipsis occurs when some essential structural element is omitted form a sentence or clause and can only be recovered by referring to an element in the preceding text.35 Ellipsis is like Substitution except that it involves deleting information recoverable from some prior context rather that replacing the information with a word like do or so.36 Ellipsis does not include every instance in which the hearer or reader has to supply missing information, but those where the grammatical structure itself points to an item or items that can fill the

slot in question. In the other hand ellipsis is simply “substitution by zero”. As with

substitution, there are three types of ellipsis – nominal, verbal, and clausal. Examples of each type follow. (The point at which material has been omitted from the second sentence of each text is marked by (0).).37

a) Nominal Ellipsis

By nominal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the nominal group. An elliptical nominal group clearly requires that there should be available from some source or the other information necessary for feeling it out. Normally, the source of information is a preceding nominal group.38 For example:

E.g.: My kids play an awful lot of sport. Both (0) are incredibly energetic. b) Verbal Ellipsis

By verbal ellipsis we mean ellipsis within the verbal group. An elliptical

35

Davi Nunan (1993),op.cit, p. 25

36

Charles F. Meyer (2009) op.cit., p. 105

37

Davi Nunan (1993), loc.cit.

38

verbal group presupposes one or more words from a previous verbal group. Technically, it is defined as a verbal group whose structure does not fully express its systemic features-all the choices that are being made within the verbal group system. For example:

E.g.: A: Have you been working? B: Yes, I have (0)

c) Clausal Ellipsis

Clausal ellipsis means ellipsis within the clause. For example:

A: Why‟d you only set three places? Paul‟s staying for dinner, isn‟t he? B: Is he? He didn‟t tell me (0).

4) Conjunction

Conjunction is another type of formal relation between sentences and perhaps the most apparent is provided by those words and phrases which explicitly draw attention to the type of relationship which exists between one sentence or clause and another. Conjunction involves the use of formal markers to relate sentences, clauses, and paragraphs to each other. It uses to add more information to what has already been said (and, furthermore, add to that) or elaborate or exemplify it (for instance, thus, in other words).39

However, it is a cohesive device because it signals relationships that can only be fully understood through reference to other parts of the text.40. Unlike

39

Guy Cook (1989).op.cit., p. 21

40

reference, substitution, and ellipsis, the use of conjunction does not instruct the reader to supply missing information either by looking for it elsewhere in the text of by filling structural slots. Halliday and Hasan propose four different types of conjunction. They are additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction.

a) Additive Conjunction

Additive conjunction is a type of conjunction which functions to give additional information to sentence related, where the whole sentence are considered as one complex sentences. Examples of this category are and, (and) also, and…too, or, besides, nor, by the way, that is etc. For example:

E.g.: The citizen refuse the parliament’s plans to build a new parliament building that spend a lot of estimates, and they also ask to the parliament to consider their trip to many countries by the name “study banding”.

(Here And signals the presentation of additional information).

b.) Adversative Conjunction

The next type is adversative conjunction. It includes those conjunctions, which signal that the information following conjunction is contrary expectation. This category consists of but, yet, though, however, nevertheless, despite this, etc. For example:

E.g.: Last year John lived in California, but this year he lives in Hawai (The relationship signaled by but is adversative because the information in the second sentence of each text moderates or qualifies the information in the first).

c) Causal Conjunction

The third is causal conjunction. This type of conjunction signals that the information in the preceding clause refers to the cause of the content of the clause that follows the conjunction. The form of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and a number of expression like as a result (of that), in consequence (of that), and because of that. thus, hence, therefore, as a result, because of that, because, etc. For example:

E.g.: I am busy in my office, so I ask my driver to pick you up.

(In this type of conjunction, the relationship is one of clause and consequence).

d) Temporal Conjunction

The last type is temporal conjunction. This type is related to sequence in time, where the one is subsequent to the other. In other words, this kind of conjunction establishes a temporal relationship between units in discourse. The simplest form of this type is expressed by then, next, after that, finally, at last, first, etc. For example:

E.g.: My little sister went to Bandung yesterday and she visited the famous place in there. First, she visited Tangkuban Perahu. Then, she played in Kawah Putih

(Temporal relationships exist when the events in a text are related in terms of the timing of their occurrence).

b. Lexical Cohesion Devices

David Nunan through his book “Introducing Discourse Analysis” states that lexical cohesion occurs when two words in a text are semantically related in

some way- in other words; they are related in terms of their meaning.41 Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection vocabulary.42 Lexical cohesion refers to the rule played by the selective of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text. Halliday and Hasan add that lexical cohesion is “phoric” cohesion that is established through the structure of the lexis or vocabulary and hence as well as substitution at lexico-grammatical level. They divide lexical cohesion into two main categories; reiteration and collocation.43

1) Reiteration

Reiteration is the repetition of lexical item, or the occurrence of a synonym of some kind in the context of reference; that is, where the two occurrences have the same referent.44 Reiteration includes repetition, synonym or near synonym, superordinat, and general word. Reiteration thus fulfils a similar semantic function to cohesive reference.45 Typically, therefore, a reiterated lexical item is accompanied by a reference item, usually the or a demonstrative.

a) Repetition

Repetition is repeating the same words. Repetition occurs when a word form is repeated again in a later section of the text. The following example is adapted from Halliday and Hasan;

E.g.: There is a large tower building near my school, almost all my friends like to visit the tower because we can see many things from the top.

41

Davi Nunan (1993), op.cit., p. 28

42

MAK Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit., p. 274

43

MAK Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), op.cit,. p.318

44

Ibid.

45

In the example above, a word tower refers back to tower.

b) Synonym.

Synonym is the word that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning.46 To make it clear, see this following example:

E.g.: Accordingly…I took leave, and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climbis perfectly easy….

In the sentences above, the word climb refers back to ascent.

c) Near synonym.

Near synonym is the connection between the words that doesn‟t have

exactly same meaning, but close or similar. The following example is adapted from Halliday and Hasan:

E.g.: Then quickly rose Sir Bedivere, and ran, and leaping down the ridges lightly, plung’d among the bulrush beds, and clutch’d the sword and lightly wheel’d and threw it. The great brand made lightning in the splendor of the moon…

In the sentences above, the word brand refers back to sword.

d) Superordinate

Superordinate or Hyponymy is the relation of the meaning between the more general term and the more specific term.47 For example apple is a superordinat of fruit, red for color,etc. Look the example below:

46

Victoria Prompkin, et al. (2003),op.cit., p. 181

47

E.g.: My mother makes a delicious blackforest for me. It’s my first cake from my mom.

In the sentences above, the word cake is refers back to blackforest. That is, a name for general class.

e) General word

The general words, which correspond to major class of lexical items, are very commonly used with cohesive force. It is such as thing, person, make, do, and so on; these, although limited in number, are not clearly bounded and it is hardly possible to compile a definitive list of them,48 For example:

E.g.: There’s a new ipad in my desk. That is a sophisticated thing happening today.

That is to say, there may be various degrees of generality intermediate between the presupposed items itself, in the example above, thing is general word of ipad.

2). Collocation

The next type of lexical cohesion is collocation. Collocation is connection between words that have close lexical meaning. Collocation has no limit scope during those items have semantically related. According Halliday and Hasan, collocation is lexical cohesion that achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur. It is not only represented by synonym or superordinate but also by pairs of opposites of various kinds. For examples, complementaries such as boy…girl.., stand up…sit down, antonyms such as

48

like…hate, converses such as order…obey, and pairs of the same ordered series. If Tuesday, occurs in one sentence and Thursday in another, the effect will be cohesive; similarly dollar…cent, north…south, likewise with any pairs drawn from unordered lexical sets, like basement…roof, road…rail.

The member of such sets often stand in some recognizable semantic relation to one another; they may be related as part to whole, like car…brake, box…lid, or as part to part, like mouth…chin, verse…chorus; they may be co-hyponyms of the same superordinate term, ie both members of the same more general class, such as chair…table (both hyponyms of furniture).49

D. The Degree of cohesiveness

To determine the degree of journalistic texts cohesiveness, the writer uses Scinto formula that recognized by Hartnett‟s book “Static and Dynamic Cohesion”. According to the frequency of cohesion device using on the text, Scinto develops a formula that establish the degree of cohesiveness. This formula observes the text cohesiveness according the cohesion devices using and compare them by the total of topic units in the text.

Topic unit defined as a set of continuous utterances appearing to related to the same topic without being separated by introduction or renewal of topic or of a shift in turn. Topic units were first categorized globally as either topic maintenance a topic shift category.50

49

_{Ibid. pp. 284-285}

50

Ronald L.Bloom. Discourse analysis and application, ( New Jersey: Erlboum Associated,inc publisher, 1994), p.178

We can measure the degree of cohesiveness by compare the number of cohesion that applied on the text with the topic units and multiplied by 100 %.51

The guidelines to determining the degree of cohesiveness as follows: Table 4: Degree of cohesiveness categories

51

I Wayan Wendra, “Tingkat Kekohesifan Abstrak dalam Artikel Aneka Widya”. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran IKIP Negeri Singaraja, Volume XXXVI, No. 1 (Januari, 2003).

Categories Percentage

Very high > 85 %

High 70 – 85 %

Medium 55 – 69 %

Low 35 – 54 %

Very low < 35 %

The number of cohesion devices

30 A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer would be analysis five text of the journalistic text in online media, VoAnews.com. The analysis will apply cohesion concept by Halliday and Hasan. According to them cohesion is divided by two types, it is grammatical and lexical cohesion. Both of them are the main factors of determining text. A whole text can be seen from the connection among the sentences. It is expressed through grammatical and lexical cohesion markers.

Text 1

Grammatical Cohesion 1. Reference

a.) Personal reference = 7 items b.) Demonstrative reference = 1 item c.) Comparative reference = 3 items 2. Conjunction

a.) Additive Conjunction = 1 item Lexical Cohesion

1. Reiteration

a.) Repetition = 7 words repeated b.) Near Synonym = 1 items

c.) Superordinate = 1 item d) General Word = 1 item

2. Collocation = 1 item Text 2

Grammatical Cohesion 1. Reference

a.) Personal reference = 15 items b.) Demonstrative reference = 3 items c.) Comparative reference = 3 items 2. Conjunction

a.) Additive Conjunction = 1 item b.) Adversative Conjunction = 2 items c.) Causal Conjunction = 1 item

Lexical Cohesion 1. Reiteration

a.) Repetition = 1 word repeated c.) Superordinate = 3 items d.) General Word = 1 item 2. Collocation = 1 item Text 3

Grammatical Cohesion 1.Reference

b.) Demonstrative Reference = 2 items c.) Comparative Reference = 2 items 2. Subtitution

a.) Nominal Subtitution = 2 items 3. Elipsis

a.) Nominal Elipsis = 2 items 4. Conjunction

a.) Additive Conjunction = 5 items b.) Adversative Conjunction = 2 items c.) Causal Conjunction = 1 item

Lexical Cohesion 1. Reiteration

a.) Repetition = 5 words repeated b.) Synonym = 3 items

d.) Superordinate = 2 items e.) General Word = 1 item 2. Collocation = 1 item

Text 4

Grammatical Cohesion 1. Reference

a.) Personal reference = 7 items b.) Demonstrative reference = 2 items c.) Comparative reference = 1 item

2. Conjunction

a.) Additive Conjunction = 1 item b.) Causal Conjunction = 1 item

Lexical Cohesion 1. Reiteration

a.) Repetition =4 words repeated b.) General Word = 1 item 2. Collocation = 1 item

TEXT 5

Grammatical Cohesion 1. Reference

a.) Personal Reference = 5 items b.) Demonstrative Reference = 2 items c.) Comparative Reference = 2 items 2. Ellipsis

a.) Nominal Ellipsis = 1 item 3. Conjunction

a.) Additive Conjunction = 1 item b.) Adversative Conjunction = 1 item Lexical Cohesion

1. Reiteration

a.) Repetition = 8 words repeated b.) Synonym = 1 item

c.) Near Synonym = 1 item d.) Superordinate = 2 items e.) General Word = 1 item 2. Collocation = 1 item

Table 5: Statistical Table

No. Cohesion Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Total

Grammatical

1 Reference

11 items 21 items 33 items 10

items 6 items 81 items

2 Substitution 2 items 2 items

3 Ellipsis 2 items 1 item 3 items

4 Conjunction 1 item 4 items 5 items 2 item 2 items 14 items

Lexical

5 Repetition

7

words 1 word 3 words 4 words 7 words 22 items

6 Synonym 3 items 1 item 4 items

7 Near-Synonym 1 item 1 items

8 Superordinat 1 item 3 items 2 items 1 item 7 items 9 General Word 1 item 1 item 1 item 1 item 4 item 10 Collocation 1 item 1 item 1 items 1 item 1 item 5 item

Total

143 items

B. Data Analysis

1. Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion

a. Text 1 (UEFA President Platini Ensured of Second Term in 2011) 1) Grammatical Cohesion

a). Reference

(1). Personal reference

There are some personal references items that occur in the text 1, they are personal pronoun as a subject he, and possessive determiner his and their.

(a) L.3 and 4: … Platini will be formally re-elected on March 22 at the UEFA Congress in Paris. His second term as UEFA president will run from 2011 until 2015. (his refers to Platini in the preceding text).

(b) L.5: … The hallmarks of Platini‟s first are his fervent effort to

introduce financial fair play rules…. (his refers to Platini in the preceding text).

(c) L.7: … He also overhauled the former UEFA Cup into the Europa League to rejuvenate the secondtier competition. (he refers to Platini).

(d) L.9 and 10: … Thanks to Platini, new regulations in 2012 will help prevent clubs from spending wildly beyond their means on player salaries and other expenses to gain an advantage over their rivals. ( their refers to the clubs).

(e) L. 11: The UEFA chief has said he considers such a practice as a kind of cheating. ( he refers to the UEFA chief).

(f) L.12: The former France captain helped his country win the 1984 European Championship. In (his refers to The former France in the preceding text).

He (L.7, 11) is personal pronoun as a subject, exactly it is singular masculine pronoun in third person. He (L.7) refers to Platini, but he (L.11) refers to the UEFA chief.

His (L.3, 5, 12) and Their (L.9, 10 ) are possessive determiner. His (L.3, 5, 12) refers to Platini in the preceding text as UEFA president and their (l.9, 10) refers to the preceding text, the clubs. The author uses personal pronouns to avoid repeating the subject mentioned previously but it has to utilize an exactly personal pronoun in order there is no ambiguity meaning.

(2) Demonstrative reference

The demonstrative reference item which visible in the text 1 is just neutral demonstrative represented by definite article the.

(a) Platini was one of football‟s greatest players. The former France captain helped his country win the 1984 European Championship.

The in (1) is signal of identity that shows to identify former France captain

who was one of the football‟s greatest players in France and led his country as a

winner in 1984 European Championship. The here is anaphoric, it means the always refers to the preceding text. The is neutral demonstrative pronoun.

(3) Comparative reference

The comparative references items in text 1 are expressed only by particular comparison through only numerative as, more and epithet (….-er).

(a) L.6: ….and to make the top-tier Champions League more accessible for clubs from smaller European countries in the group stage.

(b) L.10: …. The UEFA chief has said he considers such a practice as a kind of cheating.

Smaller, as, and more are comparative adjective and more is compounded. In this part, comparative reference is used to ease the author to comparing something.

b). Conjunction

(1). Additive conjunction

The conjunction item that occurs in the text 1 is just additive conjunction. The other items like adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction do not appear in this journalistic text.

(a) The hallmarks of Platini‟s first term are his fervent effort to introduce financial fair play rules, and to make the top-tier Champions League more accessible for clubs from smaller European countries in the group stage.

And is expressed additive conjunction, its function is adding information and as connection between sentences. Besides adding information, another function is

used to tie up the idea within sentences.

2.) Lexical Cohesion a.) Reiteration

The next marker of cohesion is lexical cohesion, and repetition is one of its devices that often appear in the text.

(a) UEFA president Michel Platini is ensured of serving a second four-year term at the helm of European football‟s governing body after no other candidates entered the race by the December 22 deadline.

(b) Platini will be formally re-elected on March 22 at the UEFA Congress in Paris.

(c) His second term as UEFA president will run from 2011 until 2015.

(d) The hallmarks of Platini‟s first term are his fervent effort to introduce financial fair play rules, and to make the top-tier Champions League more accessible for clubs from smaller European countries in the group stage.

(e) He also overhauled the former UEFA Cup into the Europa League to rejuvenate the second tier competition.

(f) Thanks to Platini, new regulations in 2012 will help prevent clubs from spending wildly beyond their means on player salaries and other expenses to gain an advantage over their rivals.

(g) The UEFA chief has said he considers such a practice as a kind of cheating.

(h) Platini was one of football‟s greatest players.

(i) The former France captain helped his country win the 1984 European Championship. He went on to coach the French national team from 1988 to 1992.

The sentences above indicate that there are some repetitions in text 1, they are Platini ( in sentences 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8), UEFA ( in sentences 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7), President ( in sentences 1 and 2 ), League ( in sentences 4 and 5), European ( in sentences 1, 4, and 9), term ( in sentences 1, 3, and 4), football ( in sentences 1 and 8), the writer chooses nouns to analyze in this section. Most of

them are related to the topics of the text. The authors utilize repetition within their text to repeat the important word that related to the text topic.

Sometimes, too many repetitions of words make the readers tedious, to avoid that the writer can choose an alternative way by using synonyms or near synonyms which is another word that still has same or near same meaning. In the text 1,there are no synonym, but there is one near synonym. The near synonym between nouns chief and captain (in sentences 7 and 9). The words chief and captain almost have the same meaning, generally each other have definition as a leader.

There is one superordinate “country " and “French” ( in sentence 9), French is specific significance from country. superordinate is used by the author to reveal a specific word (hyponym) by its general reference (hypernym). And the last form of reiteration that delivered in the text 1 is general word. General word is used by the author as a general term that can cover almost everything. It occurs between “UEFA Cup” and “competition” (in sentences 5), as a general noun “competition” used to refers back “UEFA Cup”.

b.) Collocation

The second device of lexical cohesion is collocation. Collocation occurs in the text 1 are showed by “national team” “captain” “coach” ( in sentences 9) and “players” (in sentence 8). It is part to whole, because players, captain, and coach are part of national team. The words, players, captain, and coach used the domain of sports fields that have collocation tie with national team.

a. Text 2 (AFC Chief Backs Moving 2022 World Cup to Winter) 1) Grammatical cohesion

a) Reference

(1). Personal reference

The personal reference items that occur in the text 2 are personal pronoun as a subject I, you, they, we, it, and possessive determiner (possessive adjectives) his, our, its, their.

(a) L.5: … Bin Hammam said Tuesday his country is capable of organizing the 2022 tournament in June and July.(his refers to Bin Hammam in the preceding text).

(b) L.6: They have actually presented the solution for heat

challenges… (they refers to Qatar‟s government).

(c) L.6 : …So our country actually [is] ready and willing to host a very comfortable World Cup in the summer season. (Our

refers to Qatar‟s government in the preceding text).

(d) L.7 : … he said through an interpreter. (He refers to Mohammed bin Hammam).

(e) L.9: … says it would be better to play when the weather is

cooler… (it refers to 2022 World Cup).

(f) L.10: … he added that it is premature to suggest co-hosting the tournament with other countries in the region. (he refers to Bin Hammam and it refers to non person as a situation).

(g) L.12: European teams appear to be split on whether it is a good idea to shift the tournament to a cooler time of the year. (it refers to moving 2022 world cup to the winter months). (h) L.13 and 14: England national team coach Fabio Capello says

the heat would force his team to spend most of its time in the hotel. (His refers to Fabio Capello in the preceding text, and its refers to England national team in the preceding text ).

(i) L.15: it is a big problem because when you stay together for a

long time you need to relax, to do something different… ( it refers to moving world cup to the winter months, and you refers to the reporter).

(j) L.19: But Sandro Rosell, president of Spanish football powerhouse FC Barcelona. Says the move would be disruptive

and force some of Europe‟s top leagues to change their schedules. (Their refers to FC Barcelona in the preceding text). (k) L.20 and L.21 : I have to defend to play in June and July because I don‟t like to break the Spanish league because it is one of the leagues in Europe that has continuity during

January,” said Rosell . ( I refers to Sandro Rosell, and it refers to the Spanish league).

There are personal pronouns as a subject delivered in the text, but there are no personal pronouns as an object. That personal pronoun are it (L.9), (10), (12), and (15) refer to moving the 2022 World Cup, but it in the line 20 (L.20) refers to the Spanish league. He (L.7) and (L.10) refers to Mohamed bin Hammam. I (L.20) refers to Sandro Rosell, and you (L.15) refers to the reporter of VoAnews.com agency.

Personal reference as a possessive determiner that occurs on the text 3 contains of his (L.5) refers to Muhamed bin Hammam, whereas his (L.13) refers to Fabio Capello. Our (L.6) refers to the Qatar‟s government and their (L.19) refers to FC Barcelona.

From the personal references above, every pronoun replaces each subject suitable by its own equivalence. Personal pronouns are very helpful in order to avoid repetition.

(2) Demonstrative reference

There are three demonstrative references items which visible in the text 2, the, that, and this. Neutral demonstrative represented by definite article the, and the selective participant demonstrative represented by this and that.

(1) (L.1): Muhamed bin Hammam of Qatar, the head of the

Asian Football Confederation (AFC)….

The is signal of identity, shows to identify the leader or chief of Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

(2) L.16:.… For that reason I think the good idea will be to play in January or February..

(3) L.22: FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar earlier this month, beating out the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea.

That and this refer something that has been mention before; the differences are that for far proximity and this for near proximity. That in the text as representative of the big problem which has been explained before, whereas this as representative of a month where FIFA will be held the 2022 World Cup competition. The author uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity.

(3) Comparative reference.

The comparative reference in the text 2 is expressed only by particular comparison through epithet ( -er). They are better, cooler, and earlier

(1) L.8&9 : Bin Hammam, who is also a member of the football

world governing body‟s (FIFA) executive committee, says it

would be better to play when the weather is cooler….

(2) L. 22: FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar earlier this month, beating out the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea.

Better, cooler, and earlier are comparative adjective. The author of the text uses comparative reference to show compared item within a text in terms of identity or similarity.

a.) Conjunction

(1) Additive conjunction

Additive conjunction item in the text 2 is showed by and.

(a)L.6: They have actually presented the solution for heat challenges, so our country actually [is] ready and willing to host a very comfortable World Cup in the summer season.

(b) L.10: …. Because the players would be in better shape and not exhausted from a long season.

And is expressed as additive conjunction, its function is adding information and as connection between sentences. The author uses additive conjunction to keep the idea within the sentence in order to deliver as a unity.

(2) Adversative conjunction

Adversative conjunction items that appears in the text 2 are however and but.

(a)L.8: However , Bin Hammam, who is also a member of the

football world governing body‟s (FIFA) executive

committee, says it would be better to play when the weather

is cooler,….

(b) L.23: … But the decision prompted protests from numerous

football organizations…

Here however and but have sense as “against”. The author uses adversative conjunction to show the existence of contradictions when says two things in some ways opposite to each other.

(3) Causal conjunction

Causal conjunction item that occurs in the text 2 is because.

(a) L 9: … it would be better to play when the weather is cooler, because the players would be in better shape and not exhausted from a long season.

Here, because gives signals that information in the preceding clause of the content of the clause that follows the conjunction, the author uses causal conjunction to indicates a thought process in making decisions.

1) Lexical cohesion a) Reiteration

The next marker of cohesion is lexical cohesion, and in this text there is just one repetition, tournament.

(1) (L.11 and 12): He added that it is premature to suggest co-hosting the tournament with other countries in the region. European teams appear to be split on whether it is a good idea to shift the tournament to a cooler time of the year. The repetition word is tournament; it has connection from the topic of the text. Usually, the authors utilize repetition within their text to repeat the important word that related to the text topic.

There are no synonym and near-synonym in the text 2, but there are some superordinates delivered in the text, superordinate is used by the author to reveal a specific word (hyponym) by its general reference (hypernym). For more details attention these sentences below:

(1) “ I have to defend to play in June and July because I don‟t to break the Spanish league because it is one of the leagues in Europe that has continuity during January.” Said Rosell. FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar erlier this month…(L.20,21, and 23).

January, June, and July are specific significances from month.

(2) They have actually presented the solution for heat challenges, so our country actually [is] ready and willing to host a very comfortable World Cup in the summer season...(L.6 and 7)…. FIFA awarded the 2022 World Cup to Qatar earlier this month, beating out the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. (L. 22)

United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea are specific significances from country.

(3) “They have actually presented the solution for heat challenges, so our country actually [is] ready and willing to host a very comfortable World Cup in the summer season” he said through an interpreter. However, Bin Hammam, who

is also a member of the football world governing body‟s

(FIFA) executive committee, says it would be better to play when the weather is cooler,… (L.6 - 9)

Summer is specific significance from weather.

The last form of reiteration that appears in the text 2 is general word. General word is used by the author as a general term that can cover almost everything. It occurs in League and FC Barcelona, for more details check this following sentence:

(4) But Sandro Rosell, president of Spanish football powerhouse FC Barcelona, says the move would be disruptive and force

some Europe‟s top leagues change their schedules. ( L.18 and 19)

League is general noun that refers to FC Barcelona, its meaning is team. As people know, FC Barcelona is the one of big football team from Spain.

b) Collocation

The second device of lexical cohesion is collocation, and it occurs in the line 13 of the text. For the complete sentences, check this following sentence:

(1) England national team coach Fabio Capello says the heat would force his team to spend most of its time it hotel. (L.13 and 14)

It is part to whole, because coach is part of team. The word coach in this context football team has collocation link with team. On the context of this sentence, the words coach used in the domain of network of sport fields that have collocation tie with team and create cohesive discourse.

a. Text 3 ( A Number of First Highlighted 2010 Year in Sport) 1) Grammatical cohesion

a) Reference

(1). Personal reference

The personal reference items utilize in the text 3 are personal pronoun as a subject he, she, they, as an object them and possessive determiner his, its, their.

(a)(L.1 and 2)The 2010 year in sports was an exciting one marked by a number of first. Among them, Spain won its first World Cup football championship. Serbia won its first Davis Cup title.(them refers to sports, and its refers to an exciting sport).

(b) (L.4 and 5) American golf star Tiger Woods failed to win a tournament for the first time in his professional career – during a turbulent year in which he admitted the rumors of his infidelities were true…. (his refers to Tiger Woods as possessive determiner, and he refers to Tiger Woods as personal pronoun).

(c)(L.9) The final was played at the huge Soccer City stadium in Johannesburg, where Spain captured its first World Cup… (its refers to an exciting sport).

(d) (L.14 – L.18) American golfer Tiger Woods dominated headlines in 2010 but mostly not for his game. Rumors became reality when he admitted to a string of extra-marital. His reputation ruined, he lost millions of dollars in endorsements and was divorced by his Swedish wife Elin. For the first time in his pro career, he did not win a tournament, and he fell from the number-one world ranking. .( his refers to American golfer Tiger Woods as possessive determiner, and he refers to American golfer Tiger Woods as personal pronoun).

(e)(L.20) In tennis, Caroline Wozniacki did not win any of the major tournaments, but she won enough to become the first player from Denmark.( she refers to Caroline Wozniacki). (f)(L.26 and 27) The 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics might be

remembered more for their tragic starts rather than their athletic feats.(their refers to The 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics)

(g) (L.28) In a training run the day of Opening Ceremonies Nodar Kumaritashlivili of Georgia was killed when his luge sled flew off the track into a support pole.(his refers to Nodar Kumaritashlivili).

Photo: AP

Spain's David Villa, right, takes a penalty kick during the World Cup group H soccer match between Spain and Honduras at Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa, Monday, June 21, 2010.

December 28, 2010

A Number of Firsts Highlighted 2010 Year in

Sports

Parke Brewer

The 2010 year in sports was an exciting one marked by a number of firsts. Among them, Spain won its first World Cup football championship. Serbia won its first Davis Cup title.

Caroline Wozniacki became the first Danish tennis player to be ranked number one in the world. And American golf star Tiger Woods failed to win a tournament for the first time in his professional career - during a turbulent year in which he admitted the rumors of his infidelities were true.

For the first time ever, football's premier event, the World Cup, was held in Africa. No one, either in the stadiums or watching on television, will forget the blaring vuvuzelas throughout the nine host cities.

The final was played at the huge Soccer City stadium in Johannesburg, where Spain captured its first World Cup with a 1-0 victory over the Netherlands in extra time, on a goal by Andres Iniesta.

to become the smallest and first Middle East nation to host the tournament in 2022.

American golfer Tiger Woods dominated headlines in 2010 but mostly not for his game. Rumors became reality when he admitted to a string of extra-marital affairs. His reputation ruined, he lost millions of dollars in endorsements and was divorced by his Swedish wife Elin. For the first time in his pro career, he did not win a tournament, and he fell from the number-one world ranking. In team golf, Europe recaptured the prestigious Ryder Cup from the United States.

In tennis, Caroline Wozniacki did not win any of the major tournaments, but she won enough to become the first player from Denmark, male or female, to ascend to number one in the world. American Serena Williams, injured for much of the year, captured two of the four majors, the Australian Open and Wimbledon. On the men's side, Rafael Nadal of Spain won the French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. Open, to regain the top ranking from Switzerland's Roger Federer.

The 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics might be remembered more for their tragic start rather than their athletic feats.

In a training run the day of the Opening Ceremonies Nodar Kumaritashvili of Georgia was killed when his luge sled flew off the track into a support pole. Warmer than normal weather resulted in snow being trucked in to Cypress Mountain and thousands of spectator tickets had to be canceled because the footing on top of the hay bales underneath was unsafe. Still, competition went on. Whistler Mountain events were not affected. That's where alpine skier Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win the Olympic downhill gold medal. Later in the season she was the first American -- and only second woman ever -- to win the overall World Cup title three straight seasons.

But despite tragedy and weather issues, the host Canadians rejoiced on the final day when their beloved men's ice hockey team captured the gold medal with a thrilling 3-2 overtime win over the United States.

In the professional hockey ranks, from which the Olympic teams were drawn, the Chicago Blackhawks won their first Stanley Cup since 1961, beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games.

The Los Angeles Lakers won their second straight National Basketball Association title, beating the Boston Celtics, four games to three, and Kobe Bryant was once again named Most Valuable Player.

Quarterback Drew Brees guided the New Orleans Saints to their first ever National Football League Super Bowl title. Their 31-17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts provided a big morale boost to the city five years after the ravages of Hurricane Katrina.

Baseball's San Francisco Giants won their first World Series since moving to California from New York back in 1958. They were victorious in five games over the Texas Rangers, who appeared in their first World Series. But sadly, the steroids issue made headlines in baseball as well. New York Yankees slugger Alex Rodriguez admitted he took performance-enhancing drugs while playing for the Texas Rangers six years ago. On the other hand, retired star pitcher Roger Clemens was indicted on charges of lying to Congress two years ago, when he claimed he had never used performance-enhancing drugs. His trial will be in 2011.

In the other bat and ball sport, Sachin Tendulkar of India became the first batsman to surpass 14,000 runs in test cricket. And Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan retired with a world record 800 wickets, achieving the feat from his final ball in his final test match in July against India.

And in a thrilling Formula One season that came down to the final race, German driver Sebastian Vettel won his and the Red Bull team's first ever championship.

F in d t h is a r t icle a t :

http://www.v oanews.com/english/news/sports/A-Number-of -Firsts-Highlighted-2010-Y ear-in-Sports-112578084.html

December 29, 2010

FIFA Head Issues Year-End Message

VOA News

The president of football's world governing body has outlined plans for a worldwide tour that will see him attend the congresses of all six confederations as he seeks re-election in 2011.

In his end-of-the-year message Wednesday, FIFA president Sepp Blatter said that football leadership will be one of his key focuses in 2011.

He is standing for a fourth four-year term of office on June 1 at FIFA's congress in Zurich. Blatter says he believes meeting FIFA's national members in person will help set "a strategic course for the future.''

The first scheduled congress is January 6 in Doha, Qatar when the Asian Football Confederation meets. That is followed by the Oceania congress January 15 in Pago Pago, American Samoa.

In his message, Blatter again defended the selection of Russia and Qatar as World Cup hosts in 2018 and 2022. He said he welcomes spreading the tournament to new geographical regions and cultures, thus furthering football's development all over the world.

Some information for this report was provided by AP.

F in d t h is a r t icle a t :

http://www.v oanews.com/english/news/sports/FIFA-Head-Issues-Y ear-End-Message-112626499.html

December 30, 2010

Malaysia Celebrates Controversial ASEAN

Football Championship

VOA News

Malaysia's prime minister has declared a national holiday in honor of the country's victory in a regional football tournament marred by complaints of cheating.

Malaysia lost to Indonesia 2-1 in Wednesday's final match of the ASEAN Suzuki Cup contest, but remained the 4-2 winner overall after a controversial 3-0 victory in Kuala Lumpur on Sunday. Bickering over the earlier game became a top global issue on the Twitter social networking site after Indonesia complained that Malaysian fans were distracting them with hand-held laser pens.

Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak turned to Twitter himself to congratulate the national team on winning the 14-year-old ASEAN tournament for the first time. He told the national news agency, Bernama, that Wednesday was "the greatest night in Malaysian football."

Wednesday's match in Jakarta was played without incident despite high security after anger

sparked by the earlier contest. Armored personnel carriers were stationed outside the stadium and Malaysian officials were booed when they came out to inspect the field.

After Sunday's match, Malaysia's sports minister said he was embarrassed by what had happened, and Indonesia's Antara news service said President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono had asked

officials to lodge a formal protest.

Indonesia's players walked off the field for several minutes during the game, saying Malaysian fans were directing laser pens into the faces of players, including the goalkeeper, at key moments.

F in d t h is a r t icle a t :

http://www.v oanews.com/english/news/asia/Malay sia-Celebrates-Controv ersial-ASEAN-Football-Championship-112655484.html