m L.12 and 13 In early December FIFA voted surprisingly for
Russia to host the 2018 World Cup and for Qatar to become
the smallest and first Middle East nation to host the tournament in 2022.
n L.1 - 5 The 2010 year in sports was an exciting one marked
by a number of firsts. Among them, Spain won its first World Cup football championship. Serbia won its first Davis Cup
title. Caroline Wozniacki became the first Danish tennis player to be ranked number one in the world. And American
golf
star Tiger Woods failed to win a tournament for the first time in his professional career
– during a turbulent year in which he admitted the rumors of his infidelities were true.
Superordinate is used by the author to reveal a specific word hyponym by its general reference hypernym.The word nation in L.12 and 13 is needed
here so that its identity can be left open; it could be Russia and Qatar. And then, the words football tennis, golf in L.1
– 5 have superordinate link with the word sports.
b Collocation
The second device of lexical cohesion is collocation, and it occurs in the line 4 and 5 of the text. For the complete sentences, check this following sentence:
a American golf star Tiger Woods failed to win a tournament
for the first time in his professional career – during a
turbulent year in which he admitted the rumors of his infidelities were true.
It is part to part, because win is part of tournament. In every tournament, we certainly find win as the result. On the context of this sentence, the words win
used in the domain of network of sport fields that have collocation tie with tournament and create cohesive discourse.
a. Text 4 FIFA Head Issues Year-End Message 1 Grammatical cohesion
a Reference
1. Personal reference
The personal reference items that occur in the text 4 are personal pronoun
as a subject he, as an object him, and possessive determiner possessive adjectives his.
a L.1 and 2: The president of football‟s world governing body
has outlined plans for a worldwide tour that will see him attend the congresses of all six confederations as he seeks re-
election in 2011. him refers to The president of football as object, and he refers to The president of football subject.
b L.3 and 4: In his-end-of-the-year message Wednesday,
FIFA president Sepp Blatter said that football leadership will be one of his key focuses in 2011.his refers to FIFA
president Seep Blatter
c L.5: He is standing for a fourth four-year term of office on June 1 at FIFA‟s congress in Zurich. his refers to FIFA
president Seep Blatter
d L.6: Blatter says he
believes meeting FIFA‟s national members in person will help set “a strategic course for the
future”. he refers to Blatter
e L.10: In his message, Blatter again defended the selection
of Russia and Qatar as World Cup hosts in 2018 and 2022. he refers to Blatter
f L.11: He said he welcomes spreading the tournament to
new geographical regions. he refers to Blatter, There are personal pronouns as a subject and personal pronouns as an
object delivered in the the text 4. The personal pronoun as subject is he L.2, 6, and 11 refers to FIFA president Seep Blatter, and the personal pronoun as object
is him L.2 also refers to FIFA president Seep Blatter. Personal reference as a possessive determiner his L.3, 4, and 6 also refers
to FIFA president Seep Blatter. From the personal pronouns above, every pronoun replaces each subject
suitable by its own equivalence. Personal pronouns are very helpful in order to avoid repetition.
2. Demonstrative reference The demonstrative reference items which visible in the text 4 are the as
neutral demonstratives and that as selective participant demonstrative. Check these sentences below:
a L.1: The
president of football‟s world governing body has outlined plans for a worldwide tour…
The is signal of identity, shows to identify a leader or chief of football‟sworld. It has cathaporic scale that means the meaning is always appear
in the following text. . The is neutral demonstrative pronoun.
b L.9: That is followed by the Oceania congress January 15
in Pago-Pago, American Samoa. That in the text 4 is a representative of the first scheduled congress that has
been mentioned before in the preceding text, so it is anaphoric. The author uses demonstrative pronoun, to point out something according its own proximity. The
word that indicates far proximity. There is no comparative reference in this section.
b Conjunction
1. Additive Conjunction There is one additive conjunction item that appear in the text 4 that
showed by and. a He said he welcomes spreading the tournament to new
geographical regions and
cultures… And is expressed additive conjunction, its function is adding information and
as connection between sentences. Additive conjunction is used to help the author
to pour the addition of ideas within an existing idea. 2 Causal conjunction
Causal conjunction item that occurs in the text 4 is thus. a
L.12: … thus furthering football‟s development all over the
world. Here, thus gives signals that information in the preceding clause of the
content of the clause that follows the conjunction. The author uses causal conjunction to indicates a thought process in making decisions
There are no adversative and temporal conjunctions.
2 Lexical cohesion a Reiteration
Lexical cohesion is the second device of cohesion that will be analysis. There are some repetitions such as these following texts:
a. L.1: The president of football
