The Significant of Study

to make the audience thinks about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their emotions.

3. The Schematic Structures of Narrative Text

The generic structures of narrative texts are orientation, complication, sequence of events, resolution, and Coda. 8 A more detailed generic structure of narrative text has been proposed by Anderson and Anderson who argue that a narrative text includes a. Orientation that sets the scene when and where and introduces participantscharacter who. b. Complication where a crisis arises and something happened unexpectedly. c. Resolution when the crisis is resolved in which the characters finally sort out the complication. d. A code which is closing to the narrative an optional step. 8 Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, op.cit., 1998, p. 4. Chart 2.1 Schematic of Narrative Text SNOW WHITE Once upon time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were died. One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn t have enough money to take Snow White. Snow White didn t want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods. She was very tired and hungry. Then she saw a little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep. Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, What is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow White . Doc said, If you wish, you may live here with us . Snow White said, Oh could I? Thank you . Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after. Schematic Structures Orientation Major Complication Resolution Complication Resolution Complication Major Resolution Language Features Specific Participants Past Tense action Samples of temporal sequence 4. The Linguistic Features of Narrative Text The language features usually found in a narrative are:  Specific characters  Time words that connect events to tell when they occur.  Verbs to show the actions that occur in the story.  Descriptive words to portray the characters and settings. 9 The language features shown above are being used by a narrator. There always be specific characters in every story. For instance, in the story of Snow White above, the specific character is Snow White. Time words are also used in that story, for example On e day.....”. And also the last two language features. The language features are provided to help the readers in understanding the story. By past tense used, the readers will know what happened in the story. Conjunction is also really important to describe the characters and settings of the story. From the explanation above, narrative text has certain language features which is adapted from a story. It shows how the whole story is, also it becomes a special characteristic of narrative text among other texts.

B. Story Mapping 1. The Understanding of Story Mapping Method

Generally, the target of a reading activity is to get understanding of a text. That is why sometimes the students are being taught in a less teacher directed manner in order to make them practicing the previous lesson and then use their skill to improve their knowledge. Idol-Maestas and Croll 1985 demonstrate this using a reader-directed story map study guide procedure structured to take readers’ attention to the elements of story grammar e.g., setting, problem, goal, action during reading. 10 One of the easy way to make the students understand the text easily is by using story mapping. 9 Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 2, South Yarra: Mcmillan, 1998, p. 8. 10 Zephaniah T. Davis, The Journal of Educational Research: Effects of Prereading Story Mapping on Elementary Readers’ Comprehension, Sacramento: California State University, 1994, p. 353. Before explaining more about story mapping method, it should be better to know first the origin of this method. According to Pamela J. Farris, the origin of story maps lies within story grammar research. the term story grammar refers to the hierarchical rules or psychological structures that people use to create and remember stories, the skeleton underlying a story, so to speak. These psychological models of comprehension and memory are used by both adults and children to encode and store in formation in their long-term memories. 11 The term story mapping consists of two different words. They are story and mapping. Based on Hornby in O xford Advanced learner’s Dictionary ‘story’ is a description of events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in order to entertain people. 12 Story is also regarded as a fiction selection to entertain a reader; as a part of pleasure. On the other side, map is defined as a drawing to describe or give information about something, especially the way it is arranged or organized. So, if the word is added with –ing, become mapping, it could be defined as a sketch or drawing that shows location or relation between things or place. In other word it is an action to make a map. From the explanation above, it means that story map is a graphic or semantic visual representation of a story. The map will illustrate a way to provide an overview af a story. It may consist of brief information about characters, setting, problem, goal, events and resolution. 13 It means that story mapping is a technique used after story has ben read. It includes identifying the main elements, and categorizing the main events in sequential order. A graphic representation is often used to illustrate the story structureand sequence of events. Story mapping also can be referred as word mapping or idea mapping. They are strategies which designed to show how the concept or key words of a story are related one another. The result is shown 11 Pamela J Farris, Teaching reading: A Balanced Approach for Today’s Classroom, New York: McGraw Hill, 2004, p. 345. 12 A. S. Hornby, Oxford A dvanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 815. 13 Pamela J Farris, Op.Cit., p. 345.