Identification Lumut Hati Di Gunung Sibayak Sumatra Utara
2010; Gradstein et al. 2010; Haerida and Gradstein 2011. This apparently due to the large number of taxa in the family. Lejeuneaceae is the largest family of
liverworts, containing about 1700 species in 81 genera He and Zhu 2011. Futhermore, the family prefer the moist and semi shaded to shaded places, and
also lives on various substrates oligophotic habitats as small trees and shurbs, living leaves, decaying wood and the ground surface Gradstein and Pocs 1989.
The habitat preferred of the family are also at Mount Sibayak, and it is supporting the presence of Lejeuneaceae in the region.
4.1.1 Local distribution
The number of liverworts at each location of Mount Sibayak is shown in Table 2. Jagawana has the richest species 109 species, and followed by Pasir
Putih 74 species. The third richest location is Brastagi 70 species. The area was at lower montane zone, and generally have natural vegetation. The open area is
only at the summit track. The location with the smallest number of species is Lau Debuk-debuk 6 species. This location is mostly under cultivation and most
forests have been opened. Marchantia polymorpha as one of new record species was only found on rocks of creek wall at this location.
4.1.2 Substrates
The liverworts at Mount Sibayak grow on various substrates appendix 1. Most of the species 127 species are epiphytes grow on bark or branch of trees
and shrubs, 8 species are epilith grow on rocks, 8 species are terrestrial grow on soil, 6 species are on rotten logs, 2 species are epiphyll grow on living
leaves, and only one is aqutic appendix 1. Some of epiphytic species can grow on other substrates such as living leaves, rotten logs, soil or rock. They are
Bazzania densa
on bark and rotten logs, Chiloscyphus kurzii bark and soil, Cololejeunea haskarliana
on bark and living leaves, and Kurzia gonyotricha on bark and rock. Some species were found as epiphyllous and also grow as
epiphytic, such as Cheilolejeunea ceylanica, Ch. longiloba, Co. haskarliana, and Lejeunea patersonii
. Some species have broad substrate preferences, such as Heteroscyphus
coalitus barks, rotten logs, rocks, and soils, H. argutus barks, rotten logs, and
Tabel 2 Number of species based on location of liverworts at Mount Sibayak North Sumatra
Locations Number of
species Altitudes m asl
Habitat types Jagawana
109 880-980
primary forest Pasir putih
74 856-935
primary, secondary open
Brastagi 70
1421-2000 primary open
Panatapan 52
1250-1300 secondary forest
Dwiwarna waterfall 42
1027-1152 primary forest
Sibolangit campground
33 870-890
open habitat Lau Debuk-debuk
16 1421-1572
secondary open
soils, Calypogaea arguta barks, rocks and soils, Cheilolejeunea ceylanica bark, living leaves, and rotten logs. The others species have narrower
preferences and occured on one substrate type, for example: Drepanolejeunea
levicornua and D. thwaitesiana were occuring only as epiphyllous. Chiloscyphus
propagulifer, H. wettsteini, Riccardia subexalata, Schiffneria hyalina ,
Solenostoma ariadne, and S. haskarlianum were occuring only on soil.
Solenostoma tetragonum was found on soil and also grew in the water.
Solenostoma tetragonum was the only species occuring in the water at Dwiwarna
waterfall. Some species were found only on rock: Conoscyphus trapezioides, Lepicolea javanica
, Marchantia polymorpha, Scapania javanica, Sc. rigida, Ra.
lingulata, Ri. crenulata, and Ra. amoena. Some species of Lejeuneaceae at Mount
Sibayak are epiphytes, sometimes grow on rotten log, Caudalejeunea reniloba, Ceratolejeunea belangeriana, Cheilolejeunea meyeniana, Colura acroloba,
Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia, Lejeunea exilis, and Lepidolejeunea bidentula.
4.1.3 Altitudinal and geographical distribution Based on altitudinal distribution, most of the species of Mount Sibayak 79
species have a wide altitudinal range, from lowland forest 0 –1200 m to lower
montane forest 1200 –2100 m. Sixty seven species are restricted to lowland
forest and 17 species are restricted to lower montane forest Table 3. Table 3 Number of liverworts species based on geographical and altitudinal
distribution type at Mount Sibayak. L: lowland forest, LM: lower montane forest
Based on the geographical distribution type of liverworts followed Hyvonen
1989, the liverworts of Mount Sibayak can be divided into ten distribution group Table 3: cosmopolite widely distributed, pantropical throughout the tropics,
paleotropical tropical area, except America, Asian-Oceanian ranging from Asian to Ocean, Asian-Oceanian-Australian ranging from Asia to Ocean to
Australia, Asian-Australian, ranging from Asia to Australia, South East Asia ranging from Asia 2 to Asia 4, malesian corresponding to Asia 4, endemic
Distribution type
No. of species
Percentage No. of species based on
altitude L
LM L LM
Southeast Asia 55
34.16 22
9 24
Malesian 30
18.63 16
2 12
Asian-Oceanian 25
15.53 8
2 15
Asian-Oceanian- Australian
17 9.94
9 1
7 Paleotropical
14 8.70
4 2
8 Pantropical
13 8.07
3 10
Miscellaneous 4
2.48 1
1 2
Asian- Australian
2 1.24
2 Endemic
1 0.62
1 Cosmopolite
1 0.62
1
Total 162
100 66
17 79