Identification Lumut Hati Di Gunung Sibayak Sumatra Utara

2010; Gradstein et al. 2010; Haerida and Gradstein 2011. This apparently due to the large number of taxa in the family. Lejeuneaceae is the largest family of liverworts, containing about 1700 species in 81 genera He and Zhu 2011. Futhermore, the family prefer the moist and semi shaded to shaded places, and also lives on various substrates oligophotic habitats as small trees and shurbs, living leaves, decaying wood and the ground surface Gradstein and Pocs 1989. The habitat preferred of the family are also at Mount Sibayak, and it is supporting the presence of Lejeuneaceae in the region. 4.1.1 Local distribution The number of liverworts at each location of Mount Sibayak is shown in Table 2. Jagawana has the richest species 109 species, and followed by Pasir Putih 74 species. The third richest location is Brastagi 70 species. The area was at lower montane zone, and generally have natural vegetation. The open area is only at the summit track. The location with the smallest number of species is Lau Debuk-debuk 6 species. This location is mostly under cultivation and most forests have been opened. Marchantia polymorpha as one of new record species was only found on rocks of creek wall at this location. 4.1.2 Substrates The liverworts at Mount Sibayak grow on various substrates appendix 1. Most of the species 127 species are epiphytes grow on bark or branch of trees and shrubs, 8 species are epilith grow on rocks, 8 species are terrestrial grow on soil, 6 species are on rotten logs, 2 species are epiphyll grow on living leaves, and only one is aqutic appendix 1. Some of epiphytic species can grow on other substrates such as living leaves, rotten logs, soil or rock. They are Bazzania densa on bark and rotten logs, Chiloscyphus kurzii bark and soil, Cololejeunea haskarliana on bark and living leaves, and Kurzia gonyotricha on bark and rock. Some species were found as epiphyllous and also grow as epiphytic, such as Cheilolejeunea ceylanica, Ch. longiloba, Co. haskarliana, and Lejeunea patersonii . Some species have broad substrate preferences, such as Heteroscyphus coalitus barks, rotten logs, rocks, and soils, H. argutus barks, rotten logs, and Tabel 2 Number of species based on location of liverworts at Mount Sibayak North Sumatra Locations Number of species Altitudes m asl Habitat types Jagawana 109 880-980 primary forest Pasir putih 74 856-935 primary, secondary open Brastagi 70 1421-2000 primary open Panatapan 52 1250-1300 secondary forest Dwiwarna waterfall 42 1027-1152 primary forest Sibolangit campground 33 870-890 open habitat Lau Debuk-debuk 16 1421-1572 secondary open soils, Calypogaea arguta barks, rocks and soils, Cheilolejeunea ceylanica bark, living leaves, and rotten logs. The others species have narrower preferences and occured on one substrate type, for example: Drepanolejeunea levicornua and D. thwaitesiana were occuring only as epiphyllous. Chiloscyphus propagulifer, H. wettsteini, Riccardia subexalata, Schiffneria hyalina , Solenostoma ariadne, and S. haskarlianum were occuring only on soil. Solenostoma tetragonum was found on soil and also grew in the water. Solenostoma tetragonum was the only species occuring in the water at Dwiwarna waterfall. Some species were found only on rock: Conoscyphus trapezioides, Lepicolea javanica , Marchantia polymorpha, Scapania javanica, Sc. rigida, Ra. lingulata, Ri. crenulata, and Ra. amoena. Some species of Lejeuneaceae at Mount Sibayak are epiphytes, sometimes grow on rotten log, Caudalejeunea reniloba, Ceratolejeunea belangeriana, Cheilolejeunea meyeniana, Colura acroloba, Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia, Lejeunea exilis, and Lepidolejeunea bidentula. 4.1.3 Altitudinal and geographical distribution Based on altitudinal distribution, most of the species of Mount Sibayak 79 species have a wide altitudinal range, from lowland forest 0 –1200 m to lower montane forest 1200 –2100 m. Sixty seven species are restricted to lowland forest and 17 species are restricted to lower montane forest Table 3. Table 3 Number of liverworts species based on geographical and altitudinal distribution type at Mount Sibayak. L: lowland forest, LM: lower montane forest Based on the geographical distribution type of liverworts followed Hyvonen 1989, the liverworts of Mount Sibayak can be divided into ten distribution group Table 3: cosmopolite widely distributed, pantropical throughout the tropics, paleotropical tropical area, except America, Asian-Oceanian ranging from Asian to Ocean, Asian-Oceanian-Australian ranging from Asia to Ocean to Australia, Asian-Australian, ranging from Asia to Australia, South East Asia ranging from Asia 2 to Asia 4, malesian corresponding to Asia 4, endemic Distribution type No. of species Percentage No. of species based on altitude L LM L LM Southeast Asia 55 34.16 22 9 24 Malesian 30 18.63 16 2 12 Asian-Oceanian 25 15.53 8 2 15 Asian-Oceanian- Australian 17 9.94 9 1 7 Paleotropical 14 8.70 4 2 8 Pantropical 13 8.07 3 10 Miscellaneous 4 2.48 1 1 2 Asian- Australian 2 1.24 2 Endemic 1 0.62 1 Cosmopolite 1 0.62 1 Total 162 100 66 17 79