3 Leaf lobules: arrangement, size wide, long, shape, base, margin, apex, keel, and teeth. Lobule length is the distance from the basal insertion of leaf on the
stem to the apex of lobule. Lobule width is the widest distance from keel to free margin measured parallel to the stem Fig. 2A.
4 Underleaves: size, margin, apex. Underleaf length is the distance from the mid- basal insertion of underleaf to the middle of apex. The width is arbitrarily
chosen as the widest dimension of the underleaves Fig. 2B. 5 Androecia: position on the shoots, bracts number
6 Archegonia: position on the shoots, bracts number, size, perianth size, shape, margin, apex. Female bracts were measured as leaves while bracteoles were
measured as underleaves. Perianth length is the distance from the mid-basal insertion of perianth at the innovation to the base of the beak. Perianth width is
arbitratily chosen as the widest distance of the perianth Fig. 2C. Botanical terms used for liverworts in the study are in glossary.
3.4 Data Analysis 3.4.1 Diversity and distribution of species
1 Checklist of the species was conducted based on recently collected specimens of liverworts from Mount Sibayak and four addition specimens deposited in
BO collected from North Sumatra. 2 Distribution of species on substrate: all substrate of liverworts found were
reported. 3 Local distribution: the occurence of species in the study site, the species
diversity of study site were composed base on the number of species. 4 Altitudinal distribution: the altitudinal range based on Whitten et al. 1984:
lowland forest 0 –1200 m, lower montane forest 1200–2100 m, upper
montane forest 2100 –3000m, and sub alpine forest more than 3000 m.
5 Geographical distribution: the distribution data of species were collected from distribution note of the species in revision and floristic publications, such as
Ariyanti and Gradstein 2007, Piippo 1994, Gradstein et al. 2002, Haerida et al. 2010, Inoue 1984, Kitagawa 1977, Kitagawa 1979, Lee 2013,
Mizutani 1961, So 2001, So and Grolle 2000, Yamada 1979, Zhu and So 2001, Zhu and Gradstein 2005. The data were used to clarify species to
the geographical distribution type prepared by Hyvonen 1989.
3.4.2 Taxonomic studies of particular taxa
The study were based on the recently collected specimens of particular taxa Marchantia, subfamily Ptychanthoideae, Plagiochila and Radula collected from
Mount Sibayak and specimens collected from North Sumatra deposited in BO Siregar et al. 2013, 2014. Descriptions, nomenclatures, and identification keys
for each species of particular taxa occuring at the Mount Sibayak were provided. Descriptions were based on the morphological characters observed. Description
and identification key of Marchantia modified from Bischler-Causse 1989; subfamily Ptychanthoideae followed Gradstein et al. 2002, Zhu and Gradstein
2005, Haerida et al. 2010, and Sukkharak 2015; Plagiochila followed Inoue 1984; Radula followed Yamada 1979.
4 RESULTS
4.1 Species Diversity and Distribution of Liverworts of Mount Sibayak
There are 163 species of liverworts recorded from Mount Sibayak North Sumatra, belonging to 53 genera in 22 families. Twenty two species 13.5 are
new records for Sumatra appendix 2. The largest family is Lejeuneaceae 49 species, 18 genera, followed by family Lepidoziaceae 26 species, 6 genera. The
third largest family is Plagiochilaceae 21 species, 3 genera, followed by Radulaceae
14 species, 1 genus, Lophocoleaceae 12 species, 3 genera. The other families having less than 10 species Table 1. The genera with the largest
number of species were Plagiochila 18, followed by Bazzania 14, Radula 14, and Lejeunea 11. The genera with the smallest number of species wich has only
having one species were Isotachis, Calypogaea, Cyathodium, Mastigophora, Pallavicinia
, and Trichocolea appendix 1. Table 1 The number of families, genera, species, and new record species of
liverworts in Mount Sibayak included in this study The family with the greatest number of species at Mount Sibayak is
Lejeuneaceae, similar to those reported from other mountains in Indonesia Tan et
al . 2006; Ariyanti and Gradstein 2007; Sporn et al. 2010; Gradstein and Culmsee
Families Number of
genera Number of
species Number of
new record Adelanthaceae
3 3
- Aneuraceae
1 2
- Balantiopsidaceae
1 1
- Calypogeiaceae
1 1
- Cephaloziaceae
2 2
- Cyathodiaceae
1 1
- Frullaniaceae
1 5
1 Geocalycaceae
2 3
- Lejeuneaceae
18 49
8 Lepicoleaceae
1 2
1 Lepidoziaceae
6 26
5 Lophocoleaceae
3 12
1 Marchantiaceae
2 8
1 Mastigophoraceae
1 1
- Metzgeriaceae
1 2
- Pallaviciniaceae
1 1
- Plagiochilaceae
3 21
2 Radulaceae
1 14
3 Scapaniaceae
1 2
- Schistochilaceae
1 2
- Solenostomataceae
1 4
- Trichocoleaceae
1 1
-
Total 53
163 22
2010; Gradstein et al. 2010; Haerida and Gradstein 2011. This apparently due to the large number of taxa in the family. Lejeuneaceae is the largest family of
liverworts, containing about 1700 species in 81 genera He and Zhu 2011. Futhermore, the family prefer the moist and semi shaded to shaded places, and
also lives on various substrates oligophotic habitats as small trees and shurbs, living leaves, decaying wood and the ground surface Gradstein and Pocs 1989.
The habitat preferred of the family are also at Mount Sibayak, and it is supporting the presence of Lejeuneaceae in the region.
4.1.1 Local distribution
The number of liverworts at each location of Mount Sibayak is shown in Table 2. Jagawana has the richest species 109 species, and followed by Pasir
Putih 74 species. The third richest location is Brastagi 70 species. The area was at lower montane zone, and generally have natural vegetation. The open area is
only at the summit track. The location with the smallest number of species is Lau Debuk-debuk 6 species. This location is mostly under cultivation and most
forests have been opened. Marchantia polymorpha as one of new record species was only found on rocks of creek wall at this location.
4.1.2 Substrates
The liverworts at Mount Sibayak grow on various substrates appendix 1. Most of the species 127 species are epiphytes grow on bark or branch of trees
and shrubs, 8 species are epilith grow on rocks, 8 species are terrestrial grow on soil, 6 species are on rotten logs, 2 species are epiphyll grow on living
leaves, and only one is aqutic appendix 1. Some of epiphytic species can grow on other substrates such as living leaves, rotten logs, soil or rock. They are
Bazzania densa
on bark and rotten logs, Chiloscyphus kurzii bark and soil, Cololejeunea haskarliana
on bark and living leaves, and Kurzia gonyotricha on bark and rock. Some species were found as epiphyllous and also grow as
epiphytic, such as Cheilolejeunea ceylanica, Ch. longiloba, Co. haskarliana, and Lejeunea patersonii
. Some species have broad substrate preferences, such as Heteroscyphus
coalitus barks, rotten logs, rocks, and soils, H. argutus barks, rotten logs, and
Tabel 2 Number of species based on location of liverworts at Mount Sibayak North Sumatra
Locations Number of
species Altitudes m asl
Habitat types Jagawana
109 880-980
primary forest Pasir putih
74 856-935
primary, secondary open
Brastagi 70
1421-2000 primary open
Panatapan 52
1250-1300 secondary forest
Dwiwarna waterfall 42
1027-1152 primary forest
Sibolangit campground
33 870-890
open habitat Lau Debuk-debuk
16 1421-1572
secondary open
