ISBN : 978-602-17761-0-0
7
© 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012
treatment A , 85 °C was conducted at the stage
before the D0 stage, peroxymonosulfuric acid treatment was able to reduce ClO
2
additive amount by 0 - 2 kgpt. If there exists an acid treatment
tower, peroxymonosulfuric acid can be added to this tower as a bleaching tower before D0 treatment.
Also, if there exists an unbleached tower, it can be added to this tower as well. Meanwhile, the raw
material H
2
O
2
of 0.25 BD peroxymonosulfuric acid is equivalent to about 0.1 BD.
Table 7 Bleaching Condition of Stage
Stage PC
Temp.
O
C Time
min Fin. pH
Chemicals A
10 85
90 2.8~3.2
MPS 10
60 90
2.8~3.2 D0
10 60
60 2.7~3.0
Eop 10
65 90
11~11.3 O
2
0.2 H
2
O
2
0.3 D1
10 65
120 4.8~5.2
ClO
2
0.3
5.2 Application to The First Stage of Bleaching No. 2
In the case when the countermeasures for discoloration are not required and the
peroxymonosulfuric acid is applied to the irst stage, we studied whether reduction of ClO
2
additive amount to D0
stage is possible or not.
5.2.1 Study Example 2
1 Used pulp a Unbleached LOKP
b Properties Brightness: 52.1 , K value: 6.9,
HexA: 37 μmolg, viscosity:30.6cP 2 Treatment conditions
The studied bleaching sequence was irst- stage—D0—Eop—D1 and we studied the effect
of introduction of peroxymonosulfuric acid to the stage before the D0 stage. Table 9 shows the
treatment conditions of each stage. Preparation of peroxymonosulfuric acid was done by reacting 95
H
2
SO
4
with 60 H
2
O
2
in 2 mol : 1 mol. 3 Results
Table 10 shows the results. By applying peroxymonosulfuric acid to the stage before
the chlorine dioxide bleaching, consumption of chlorine dioxide was able to reduce by 2 kgpt - 3
kgpt compared to the chlorine dioxide bleaching. Also, compared to the high-temperature acid
treatment A , peroxymonosulfuric acid treatment
was able to attain the targeted brightness with equal or smaller amount of chlorine dioxide
consumption. Accordingly, we have attained the energy cost reduction for high-temperature
treatment.
Table 9 Bleach Condition of Stage
Stage PC
Temp.
O
C Time
min Fin. pH
Chemicals A
10 60
90 2.8~3.2
A 10
85 90
2.8~3.2 MPS
10 60
90 2.8~3.2
D0 10
60 60
2.7~3.0 Eop
10 65
90 11~11.3
O
2
0.2 H
2
O
2
0.3 D1
10 65
120 4.8~5.2
ClO
2
0.2
CONCLUSION
1. The on-site production method that we have developed has such features as 1
compact equipment, 2 possible to produce peroxymonosulfuric acid in short time, 3
continuous production, 4 safe even at the time of leakage, and 5 inexpensive equipment cost.
2. By applying this peroxymonosulfuric acid to pulp bleaching, 1 improvement of pulp
discoloration, 2 bleaching cost reduction, 3 obtaining the pulp with high brightness, and
4 increase of pulp production quantity are attained. We are happy if this method can help
develop the pulp bleaching in the near future.
REFERENCES
[1] Fumihiko Onabe:Japan Tappi J. 45 4 462 1991 [2] John R. G. Lane et al Interox Chemicals Ltd. :
U.S. patent 5470564 [3] James L. Manganaro et al FMC Corporation :
U.S. patent 5304360 [4] Kiyoshi Yosida, Tetsuo Koshitsuka: International
Pulp Bleaching Conference 2008 165-168 [5] Iori Tomoda, Yosuke Uchida: International Pulp
Bleaching Conference 2008 177-180 [6] Iori Tomoda, Yosuke Uchida:The 51
st
-2008 Japan Tappi Annual Meeting Proceedings
[7] Kiyoshi Yoshida, Tetsuo Koshitsuka et al Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. :
WO2008047864 [8] Iori Tomoda, Yosuke Uchida et al Oji Paper
Co. Ltd., Cho Takahiro, Tetsuo Koshitsuka et al Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,
Inc.:WO2007132836
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© 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012
Processing of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches into Value-Added Products Using the Organosolv Technology
Rushdan Ibrahim
1
, Sharmiza Adnan
2
, Mahmudin Saleh
3
, Latifah Jasmani
4
Pulp and Paper Program, Forest Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia FRIM, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia,
1
rushdanfrim.gov.my,
2
sharmizafrim.gov.my,
3
mahmudinfrim.gov.my,
4
latifahfrim.gov.my
ABSTRACT
Agricultural residual can provide a sustainable, renewable source of transportation fuels and industrial chemicals that may be signiicantly reduce our dependence upon petroleum. The production of ibres, chemical and
energy from biomass is known as bioreinery. The organosolv-process has been proposed as an alternative process to fractionate biomass into its constituents: hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and extractives. There are more than
twenty organic chemicals, which have been studied in organosolv processes. One of the organic solvents tested is ethanol. Pepap Enterprises, Canada claimed that ethanol pulping could produce high-quality pulp from agroibres
in a mill which capable of meeting future environmental requirements. Many non-wood species such as straw, bagasse and reeds have been evaluated successfully at laboratory. Malaysia is blessed with oil palm biomass. This
study was aimed at determining the effects of ethanol concentration, cooking temperature; liquor to oil palm empty fruit bunches ratio as well as cooking time on pulp and paper qualities. A total of 26 pulping trials were conducted
by varying the cooking parameters. Ethanol concentration : 40, 45 and 50; Cooking temperature
o
C: 175, 185 and 195; Liquor to EFB ratio L: EFB: 4.5, 5, 6 and 12; Cooking time min: 60, 90 and 120. The results for pulp
and paper properties were: screened yield: 0 - 39.04; kappa number: 46 - 117; freeness: 261 - 665 CSF; bulk: 1.53 - 2.33 cm
3
g
-1
; number of fold: 3 - 57; tear index: 2.74 - 5.92 mN m
2
g
-1
; burst index: 1.01 - 2.82 kPa m
2
g
-1
and tensile index: 14.09 - 33.07 N m g
-1
. The organosolv processes was found not suitable for EFB because of its low yield and poor paper properties.
Keywords: bioreinery, oil palm empty fruit bunch, organosolv pulping, ethanol
1. Introduction
Chemical pulping produces most of non- wood pulp. There are different types of chemical
pulping and sulphate pulping accounts for 90 of it. Sulphate process uses considerable quantities of
water, generates large volumes of efluent, produces substantial emissions to air, and uses large amounts of
energy. Part of the extensive research work being done around the world to overcome the problems of the
sulphate process is being directed at cooking methods that use organic solvents - organosolv processes.
There are more than twenty organic chemicals, which have been studied in organosolv processes. One
of the organic solvents tested is ethanol CH
2
H
5
OH. In this process, the mixture of water and ethanol is used as
cooking medium. The process can be viewed as three separate operations: extraction of lignin to produce
pulp, lignin and liquor recovery, and by-product recovery. The process generates three by-products:
sulphur-free lignin, furfural and wood sugars and other natural chemicals [1]. Sulphur-free lignin, furfural and
wood sugars and other natural chemicals can provide a sustainable, renewable source of transportation fuels
and industrial chemicals that may signiicantly reduce our dependence upon petroleum. The production of
ibres, chemical and energy from biomass is known as bioreinery.
Malaysia is blessed with oil palm biomass. The African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, is one of the
most important plants in Malaysia. It produces palm oil and palm kernel oil, which are widely used in the
food and manufacturing industries. Although the oils are important economic products for the country, the
residues from the palm are largely wasted. One of the most abundant lignocellulosic residues is the empty
fruit bunches EFB, which are the stalk and spikelets of the fruit bunches after fruit removal. Malaysia
produced 16 million tonnes of EFB in 2000, which were generally used as mulch for oil palms, converted
to bunch ash or, as some cases, discarded as waste. EFB has a good potential to be used as a raw material
in pulp and paper industries [2] [3]. Application EFB, a non-wood, as raw materials for pulp and paper is
extremely promising because the future demand of paper in Malaysia is expected to be enormous [4].
Pepap Enterprises, Canada claimed that ethanol pulping could produce high-quality pulp from agro
ibres in a mill which capable of meeting future environmental requirements. Many non-wood
species, such as straw, bagasse and reeds, have been evaluated successfully at laboratory scales [5]. In
this study, the irst part of three parts of operations; extraction of lignin to produce pulp was studied.
These studies were aimed to determine the effects of ethanol concentration, cooking temperatures; liquor to
