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13 shows the SEM micrograph of the paper surfaces for the sample with addition of commercial PCC and
PEI. Based on the results of the percent of loading degree of PCC, this sample had the highest loading
degree. This can be clearly illustrated in the Figure 13 where a large amounts of the PCC particle had been
deposited on the ibre surfaces and almost all of the ibre surfaces were covered by PCC. Kamiti and van
de Ven [22] stated that the use of polyelectrolytes can improves the retention of iller. Meanwhile, Figure 14
shows the SEM micrograph of cross-section of paper for the sample with addition of PCC and PEI.
4. Conclusions
It was found that the PCC retention in paper is affected by the type of PCC and retention aids used.
The degree of loading is higher for the sample with PEI as retention aid as compared to the sample with
PAM. It proves that PEI has better retention ability of PCC in the sheet. Commercial PCC when
used with PEI resulted in better retention ability. This is proven
by the results of loading degree for this sample which is 48.61, whilst the laboratory PCC had the loading
degree of 43.93. The mechanical properties such as tear, tensile, burst and folding endurance of the sample
using laboratory PCC were greater than the sample that used commercial PCC. However, generally, tensile
and tear indices decreased as the degree of loading and opacity increased. The loading
degree of PCC did not affect the opacity. The micrographs showed the
variable PCC distribution throughout the ibre sheet following these treatments. The results show that
the laboratory PCC produced by sucrose solution method
is comparable to commercial PCC in achieving the required paper properties.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Y. Bhg. Dato’ Hj. Zulkily Abu Bakar, Director of Mineral Research
Centre, Ipoh for his support and encouragement in carrying out the project and to Y. Bhg. Dato’ Hj.
Yunus Abdul Razak, Director General of Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia for granting
permission to publish this paper. The authors would also like to express their utmost gratitude to all staff
of Rock-Based Technology Section, for providing assistance in carrying out the research work. Thanks
are also due to the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia FRIM, especially Pn. Zaitun and En. Syukri for their
help during the handsheet preparation. Thanks are also due to staff from other sections of our department for
their co-operation in carrying out tests and analysis on the samples related to this research project.
References
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Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose Content from Kapok Ceiba Pentandra L. via Conventional, Dissolution in Deep Eutectic Solvent and Organosolv Treatment
Methods
Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman
a b 1
, Rusli Daik
a 2
, Famiza Abdul Latif
c 3
, Said M. El-Sheikh
d 4
a
School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi , Selangor, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
d
Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology Division, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute 11421 Cairo, Egypt
1
sfauziahtganu.uitm.edu.my,
2
rusliukm.my,
3
famizasalam.uitm.edu.my,
4
selsheikh2001gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Recently, natural iber has attracted much attention from many researchers. Obtaining pure cellulose such as from kapok iber is essential due to its subsequent application as matrix in conjugated polymer nanocomposite
after being incorporated with epoxy group via chemical modiication. In this study, extraction and characterization were carried out to obtain pure cellulose iber from kapok Ceiba Pentandra L. by using three different methods.
In all the three methods, dewaxing process was irstly done by reluxing the raw kapok with chloroform CHCl
3
. In conventional method, kapok iber was treated with sodium chlorite NaClO
2
for deligniication process, followed by sodium hydroxide NaOH to remove hemicelluloses. For the second and third methods, dewaxed
kapok iber was pre-treated with 2-naphthol before isolation of cellulose was carried out. The second method used deep eutectic solvent DES for dissolution the kapok iber. The cellulose was later precipitated into water.
In the third method, organosolv ethanol:water treatment was used to obtain pure cellulose. Activated hydrogen peroxide H
2
O
2
with 2 concentration was used to bleach the cellulose obtained in the second and third methods. Surface morphology of the untreated and treated ibers was investigated using ield emission scanning electron
microscope FESEM. The obtained samples of cellulose iber were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis TGA. Results showed that organosolv treatment
method gave higher yield of cellulose extraction 68.50 wt compared to dissolution in DES method 47.97 wt and conventional method 54.79 wt.
Keywords: biodegradable, cellulose, deep eutectic solvent, kapok iber, organosolv
1. Introduction
