Results and Discussion Conclusion References

10 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 of pulp handsheets” [6] in a controlled temperature and humidity environment as stipulated in TAPPI T 402 om-93 “Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paper, board, pulp handsheets, and related products” [6].

3. Results and Discussion

The results are tabulated in Table 2. The results for pulp and paper properties are in the range of: • Screened yield: 0 – 39.04 • Kappa number: 46 – 117 • Freeness CSF: 261 – 654 • Number of folding endurance: 3 – 11 • Tear index mNm2g: 2.74 – 5.5 • Burst index kPam2g: 1.01 – 2.23 • Tensile index Nmg: 14.09 – 30.92 Peh et al. [7] has underlined a general basis for the comparison of the pulping and papermaking poten tial of the various species. Pulp yield, tensile index and burst index are the main parameters used to evaluate as to whether a species is good or poor for pulp and papermaking. Since EFB have been proven can be used in pulp and paper industry, thus the study was carried out to investigate the suitability of organosolv pulping for EFB. The pulp yield, tensile index and burst index of EFB organosolv pulps are shown in Table 2. The organosolv pulping used in this studies are not suitable for pulp and paper making because their yields are in the range of 0 – 39.04, tensile index in the range of 14.09 – 33.07 N.mg, and burst index in the range of 1.01 – 2.82 kPa.m 2 g.

4. Conclusion

In this study, we found that organosolv processes is not suitable for pulping EFB due to its low yield and poor paper properties.

5. References

[1] KONCEL, J.A. 1991. Alcell pulping process moves to irst commercial installation. American Papermaker 541: 22-26 [2] Lubis, A.U., Guritno, P. and Darkano. 1994. Prospects of oil palm solid wastes based industries in Indonesia. 3 rd National Seminar on Utilisation Table 2 Summarizes the Pulp and Paper Properties of EFB Ethanol Pulps at Different Pulping Parameters Exp. Yield Kappa Number Freeness CSF mL Grammage gm 2 Thickness mm Folding Endurance no. Tear index mN.gm 2 Burst index kPa.m 2 g Tensile index Nmg 1 19.07 72.76 635 59.35 128.9 4 5.08 1.53 23 2 n.a. 73.22 589 59.68 125.6 4 4.93 1.31 22 3 21.24 72.97 582 59.35 135.2 6 4.86 1.49 24 4 27.15 70.86 596 60 135.8 3 3.85 1.45 24 5 34.24 54.72 581 59.9 127.4 1 2.08 1.28 22 6 37.82 59.17 544 58.47 115.5 3 2.76 1.61 28 7 29.1 46.05 581 59.68 123.0 2 2.33 1.58 24 8 n.a. 62.59 654 60.8 128.2 4 4.29 1.41 24 9 19.97 71.78 629 60 139.4 4 5.07 1.31 23 10 36.14 53.77 592 59.35 121.8 6 4.11 2.23 30 11 38.87 72 581 59.19 131.7 4 4.47 1.53 24 12 39 70.5 602 59.68 137.8 4 4.23 1.49 24 13 37.28 70.38 596 58.94 133.8 4 4.43 1.48 23 14 26.94 98 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15 32.74 98 665 56.77 132.52 4 4.88 1.06 14.09 16 38.57 50 627 60.32 118.89 8 4.21 1.74 22.41 17 30.24 73 648 60 122.75 10 5.5 1.52 31.87 18 21.44 92 644 59.35 127.06 3 3.33 1.01 27.04 19 39.92 83 587 60.65 134.23 11 5.26 1.8 30.92 20 39.30 72 645 60 121.6 4 3.47 1.4 29.07 21 21.26 84 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 22 5.99 117 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 23 36.14 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 24 38.87 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 39.04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26 37.28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Note : n.a. - not available. ISBN : 978-602-17761-0-0 11 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 of Oil Palm Tree and other Palms 1994. Ed. K.M. Poh, Mohd Nor M.Y. Khoo, K.C. and Nurulhuda M.N. Kuala Lumpur. 27 – 29 September 1994. p. 62-84. [3] Khoo, K.C. and Lee, T.W. 1991. Pulp and paper from the oil palm. Appita 446: 385-388. [4] Lai, K. 1997. Determining the strategy towards 2020 for pulp and paper industry in Malaysia. The 4 th National Oil Palm Tree Utilisation Seminar, Kuala Lumpur. p. 113-123. [5] Harrison, A. 1991. Repap produces high-quality pulp at Newcastle with Alcell process. Pulp Paper Canada 652: 116 – 119. [6] TAPPI. 1994. TAPPI Test Methods 1994-1995. TAPPI Press, Atlanta. 1400 pp. [7] Peh, T. B., Khoo, K. C., Lee, T. W. Mohd Nor, M. Y. 1986. Pulp and Paper Industry Research in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Forest Records No. 31. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 12 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 Optimization of Glucose Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Cellulose Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis Satriani Aga Pasma 1 , Rusli Daik 2 , Mohamad Yusof Maskat 3 School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia 1 Satriani_apyahoo.com, 2 rusliukm.my, 3 maskatmyyahoo.com ABSTRACT Oil palm empty fruit bunch iber OPEFB is a lignocelllulosic waste from palm oil mills. It is a potential source of glucose and xylose which can be used as raw materials for high value products such as succinic acid. The increasing interest on use of lignocellulosic waste for bioconversion to fuels and chemicals is justiiable as these materials are low cost, renewable and widespread sources of sugars. The objective of the present study is to determine the effect of different amount of enzyme, amount of cellulose and reaction time for production of glucose from OPEFB Cellulose. Organosolv pretreatment was used to extract cellulose from OPEFB, the solvent used was ethanol and water. The cellulose product was characterized by Thermo gravimetric Analysis TGA, Fourier transform infrared FTIR, and Field emission scanning electron microscope FESEM. Batch enzymatic hydrolysis of OPEFB cellulose was performed at 40 o C with various amounts of enzyme and cellulose 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and reaction time 2-94 hours. Celluclast and novozyme 188 were used in enzymatic hydrolysis. High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC and Glucose meter was used to determine the quantity of glucose produced. The analysis showed that higher amount of glucose can be produced with 0.7 gram of samples OPEFB cellulose, 0.2 mL total enzyme and 94 hours reaction time. Keyword: cellulose, glucose, organosolv treatment, renewable sources, oil palm empty fruit bunch, enzymatic hydrolysis Introduction Bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste materials to chemicals and fuels are receiving interest as they are low cost, renewable and widespread in nature [1]. Malaysia is well acknowledged for its potential in renewable resources such as oil palm waste, sugar cane bagasse and rice straw. At present Malaysia is the largest exporter and producer of palm oil and its production accounts approximately 40-60 of world total oil palm over the 25 years [2,3]. In the process of extraction of palm oil from oil palm fruit, a lignocellulosic material oil palm empty fruit bunch OPEFB is generated as a waste product. Empty fruit bunches EFB are the main by-products in the palm oil industry with every ton of fresh fruit bunches will produce ~0.22 ton EFB and the total amount of EFB are ~2.96 x 10 6 tonyear [4]. The oil palm EFB consists of 66.97 of holocellulose cellulose and hemicellulose and 24.45 of lignin [5]. In Malaysia, ~17 million tons of EFB are produced after palm oil extraction process every year. Therefore, several approaches have been developed to utilize EFB ibres to produce different materials, including paper pulp, composite boards, thermoset polymer, and activated carbon. [6]. Commonly, this biomass is burnt in incinerators by palm oil mills, and it does not only create environmental pollution problems but it also offers limited value to the industry. The OPEFB biomass contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. It is estimated that OPEFB biomass contain of glucan, a sugar polymer of glucose [7]. This glucose can be used as substrate for production of a wide variety of compounds by chemical and biochemical processes. One such compound is succinic acid, which is extensively used in food, pharmaceutical and manufacture of polymer [8]. Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei a mix of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidase is widely used for the degradation of cellulose into soluble glucan oligopolymers, cellobiose, and glucose [9]. Novozyme Celluclast 1.5 L was used to breaks the cellulose in the middle and work in the end of the chains into cellobiose the dimer of glucose and Novozyme 188 Cellobiase used as β-glucosidase breaks the cellobiose into glucose monomers. Box Behnken design was used to help to design the experiment. In this study, oil palm EFB ibers were selected as raw material for cellulose. OPEFB was treated by organosolv method for lignin and hemicellulose removal. Cellulose became precursor to produce glucose. The cellulose product was characterized by Thermo gravimetric Analysis TGA, Fourier transform infrared FTIR, and Field emission scanning electron microscope FESEM. In this context, different reaction time and different amount of enzyme and substrates samples was used for optimization. As comparison, enzymatic hydrolysis also was done to 2 type of cellulose Fiber and Microcrystalline, OPEFB after auto hydrolysis deligniication, OPEFB treated by acetic acid and cellulose extracted from OPEFB obtained cellulose. The major objective of this ISBN : 978-602-17761-0-0 13 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 study is to optimize glucose production to produce high value product with high concentration, such as succinic acid. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Raw Material