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of carboxyl groups on the CNT surface which make them repulse each other because of the coulomb
interaction. Cationic surfactants CTAB are organic compound containing one hydrophobic alkyl chain
and a hydrophilic group containing positive charge. When FCNTs was dispersed in CTAB solution, an
electrostatic interaction between FCNT and CTAB occured
[14]
.
The Composition of Viscose Solution
The viscose solution of FCNTs-cellulose xanthate compose of 8.27 regenerable cellulose based on
total solution, 6.54 NaOH based on total solution and 36 CS
2
based on cellulose content of solution, 0.72 FCNTs based on FCNT dispersion in CTAB
solution. Whereas the viscose solution of nFCNTs- cellulose xanthate compose of 7.43 regenerable
cellulose based on total solution, 6.84 NaOH based on total solution and 36 CS
2
based on cellulose content of solution and 0.72 FCNTs
based on FCNT dispersion in CTAB solution.
Filterability of FCNTs
A good ilterability effect mainly comes from less gel particles of large size in viscose
[ 13]
. The lower value for K
w
-value the better ilterability of viscose solution. The Kw of viscose solution prepared by the
addition of FCNT is 155.2. On the other hand, the Kw of viscose solution prepared by the addition of nFCNT
dispersion is 1689. It means that functionalization of CNTs is able to reduce the formation of gel particles in
the viscouse solution. Large size of gel particles using nFCNTs are graphitic catalytic particles Fig.1.
Mixing Processing of CNT-Cellulose Xanthate
CTAB as cationic surfactant importantly contribute to make well-dispersed CNT solution in water via
van der Waals forces to create long-stable solution. Cellulose can react with carbon disulide in alkaline
solution to form water-soluble cellulose xanthate. Because cellulose xanthate is negatively charged
polymer, it may be a potential solubilizing agent of CNTs to prepare stable CNT suspensions in water
[10]
.
Mechanical Properties of CNTs-Rayon Nanocomposite Filaments
Mechanical properties are important parameters in evaluating strengh of iber. The mechanical
properties of ilaments of FCNT and nFCNT-rayon nanocomposite in the dry and wet state are shown in
Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the tenacity value of FCNT-rayon nanocomposite ilament increased. High
tenacity and elongation of FCNT rayon nanocomposite were provided from good compatibility between rayon
matrix and FCNT. The tenacity and elongation in wet state is weaker than that in dry state.
3.5 Surface morphology of FCNTs and nFCNTs rayon nanocomposite ilaments
Cross sectional photo of FCNTs-rayon and nFCNTs-rayon nanocomposite ilaments are shown in
Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b
a b Fig. 4. Cross-sectional photo micrographs
of FCNT-rayon a and nFCNT-rayonb nanocomposite ilament
The ilament shows the skin outermost layer of FCNT-rayon more prominent and thicker than the skin
of nFCNT-rayon. The skin consists of many small crystalline regions. The differences in the ratio of skin
to core impact on iber properties. The thickness of skin contributes to reduce the shrinkage of diameter of
iber. In viscose rayon, the structure and properties of ilaments greatly inluenced by the spinning process
and chemical conditions in the spinning bath
[11, 15]
. The dilute sulphuric acid decomposes the xanthate and
regenerates cellulose by processing of wet spinning. The outer portion of the xanthate was decomposed
Table 1. Mechanical Properties of FCNT-Rayon Nanocomposite and nFCNT-Rayon Nano Composite Filaments in The Dry an Wet State
Filament Tenacity gdenier
Elongation dry
Wet dry
wet FCNT-rayon nanocomposite
3.01 2.40
36.5 32.5
nFCNT-rayon nanocomposite 2.72
1.85 57.1
42.6 Reguler rayon SNI 14-0938-1989
1.2-2.7 0.7-1.8
15-30 20-40
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forming a cellulose skin on the iber. Sodium and zinc sulphates controlled the rate decomposition of
cellulose xanthate to cellulose and iber formation. Skin formation are inluenced by temperature and
coagulation solution in the spinning bath. Both FCNT and nFCNT-rayon nanocomposite ilaments show the
average diameter of 0.3 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Fig. 5 shows the SEM images of the fracture of
FCNTs-rayon nanocomposites iber with 0.72 wt FCNT a and nFCNTs rayon nanocomposites iber
with 0.72 wt nFCNT b. Homogeneous dispersion and exfoliation of FCNT in cellulose matrix were
shown in Fig.5a whereas FCNT are well embedded in cellulose matrix. In the Figure 5b, distribution of
nFCNT in the composite is less dense and tend to agglomerate on the surface forming wafe-pattern
region.
Analysis of morphological surface by TEM was intended to examine internal structure of composite
iber. In igure 6a, a clear differences on diameter and surface roughness along the tube wall of iber are
indetiied easly. FCNTs have diameter of 20 nm and open-end iber. It is reasonable due to functionalization
process. Functionalization process caused formation of open-end structure and even structural defect as
active site on the surface of iber. In Fig.6a, structural defect is shown as surface roughness. Presence of
active site on the iber surface enhance interaction force between CNT and rayon to produce high
tenacity composite iber. In meanwhile, without any active site, shown as smooth surface resulted in lower
tenacity composite iber Fig.6b. In this describes an importance of functionalization process subjected to
CNT before making composite. a b
Fig. 5 SEM image of the fracture CNT-rayon nanocomposite with a 0.72wt FCNT b 0.72wt nFCNT
Fig.6 TEM image of a FCNT-rayon nanocomposite ilament b nFCNT-rayon nanocomposite ilaments
Conclusions
CNT-rayon nanocomposite ilaments were successfully prepared by adding 0.72 wt CNT in
xanthate dissolution process. Functionalized CNTs using H
2
SO
4
HNO
3
can improve the ilterability of the viscose and the dispersion of CNT and the
interfacial interaction between CNT and rayon. Mechanical properties of rayon nanocomposite
ilament using functionalized MWCNT is better than non functionalized MWCNT.
Acknowledgements
This research was inancially supported by competitive LIPI project. The authors greatly
appreciate the help and support of the Department of Industry, center for Pulp and Paper Research-
Bandung. To Dra Susi sugesty, Drs. Yusuf Setiawan, Drs. Judi. Thanks for their help.
References
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2632
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The Effect of Mixing Virgin Pulp from Oil Palm Frond Acetosolv Pulp with Secondary Pulp Old Newspaper
Nasrullah RCL
a b
, I Mazlan
a
a
Division of Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang, 1180 Malaysia
b
Departemen of Chemical Engineering Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This research is to study the effect of mixing virgin pulp with secondary pulp on physical, mechanical and optical properties of paper. The virgin pulp is Oil Palm Frond OPF Acetosolv pulp while the secondary pulp is
Old Newspaper ONP pulp. The mixing ratio of OPF Acetosolv pulp to ONP pulp are 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 20:80 and 0:100. In general, the results show that physical and optical properties increase with increasing OPF Acetosolv
pulp ratio except tear index and folding.
Keywords: mixing ratio, acetosolv pulp, secondary pulp, oil palm frond OPF pulp.
Introduction
Application of pulp and paper iber resources in industries for production of related products based
on pulp and paper are dependence on demands from society. Until now industries has utilized pulp and
paper for many purposes including for education, information storage, product advertising in pages
of books, magazines, catalogs, newspapers, and countless other forms of printed media or written
communication, protection, transportation and security of goods in transit and in storage in corrugated
boxes and shipping containers, food packaging, and an enormous variety of other packaging and industrial
applications, and protection of human health and sanitation [1]. The pulp industries and demand of
paper and paperboard is continued to highly growth and that is causing search for new and unexploited
sources of cellulosic ibers. Traditionally, wood is the most widely used raw
material to produce pulp and paper. Governments as well as industry executives have to establish and
implement alternatives to ensure sustainable for iber supply, including reforestation program, plantation
management, recycling, and development of non- wood ibers to maintain the paper industry growth.
Recycling found to be having a high potential to meet the purpose with low cost. The drawback of paper
produced from secondary pulp generally has low
quality due to horniication phenomena, and the pulp becomes more rigid and less lexibility.
Virgin iber mixed with secondary iber is increasingly popular in some countries such as United
States, Japan and others to produce comparable paper quality. Manufacturing method is similar to
the manufacture of virgin pulp, except contaminant removal of secondary pulp to obtain a clean and
good strength of pulp product. For instance, in Japan, McDonald’s franchise used all the burger packaging
paper which with a 70 kenaf content. Recently, utilization of non-wood based ibers from oil palm
materials such as oil palm fronds has attracted more attention in pulp and paper industries as an alternative
source of iber in paper making. Non-wood iber plant such as oil palm Elaeis guineensis shows great
potential in paper making as raw material especially for Indonesia and Malaysia [2]. Utilization of oil
palm wastes raw material are sustainable because of their abundant not costly and has been explored using
variety of pulping methods [3]. Researchers usually studied on oil palm trunks OPT, and to a lesser
amount on oil palm fronds OPF and empty fruit bunches EFB. Chemical and physical properties, and
the pulping characteristics of oil palm ibres has been reviewed by researcher and found that frond iber is
the longest among various ibrous components of the oil-palm tree i.e. trunk, frond, empty fruit bunch with
an average length of 1.59 mm which also longer than most of hardwood ibers[4].
The purposes of this research is to study the effect the mixing ratio of from oil palm frond pulp and
secondary pulp on paper properties.
Materials and Methods Materials
Oil palm elaeis guneensis frond samples were obtained from the palm oil mill PT. Fajar Baizury
and Brothers, Aceh, Indonesia. These fronds were cut into chip at an approximate length 2 inches in length
and were dried before pulped. Old newsprint ONP has been selected as a source of secondary pulp, torn
to the measurement of±1.0cmX1.0 cm and soaked 24 hours in the water. Laceration was not done with
scissors to avoid disconnection occurs the ibers and it is done in the area that are not to reduce the percentage
of contaminants.
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Pulping
The OPF chips 200 g, o.d.basis were pulped using acetosolv method in 4-L stationary stainless
steel digester NAC Autoclave Co. Ltd., Japan itted which a computer-controlled thermocouple.
Different acetosolv pulping conditions were run based on experimental design via the statistical modelling
software DESIGN-EXPERT. After optimization, the OPT was pulped at the best possible acetosolv
pulping conditions, which were; 85 of acetic acid, 0.75 of HCl 155
o
C of cooking temperature and 140 minutes for cooking time. Both the acetic acid and
HCl concentrations were based on volume percentage vv with respect to the cooking liquor. The resultant
OPF pulp was used as virgin pulp for this study.
Paper Making
The papermaking process was carried using semi- automatic handsheet papermaking. The mixing ratio
of OPF Acetosolv pulp to secondary pulp is listed in Table 1. Then, the handsheets were placed in air-
conditioned room 50.0 ± 2.0 RH and 23.0 ± 1.0
o
C [5].
Results and Discussions Effect of Material Mixing Ratio on Density
Fig. 1 shows effect of OPF Acetosolv pulp to ONP pulp mixing ratios on paper density. The result shows
that the sample with 100 of OPF pulp represents the lowest density of 0.5426 gcm
3
. The paper with mixing ratio of 80:20 has the highest density values. Addition
of ONP pulp after that ratio retains the paper density around 0.5700-0.5800 gcm
3
. It seems that addition on ONP pulp increases the
paper density compared to the paper density of 100 OPV Acetosolv pulp. It is believed that the short ibers
of ONP pulp illed up the open spaces between OPF Acetosolv ibers in the paper.
3.2 Effect of Mixing Ratio on Tensile Index
