Methods Conclusions and Policy Implications

ISBN : 978-602-17761-0-0 199 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 The Utilization of Nanoibrillation Effects on the Fibers Surface for Improving Paper Strength Taufan Hidayat, Nina Elyani, Jenni Rismijana Center for Pulp and Paper, Jl. Raya Dayeuhkolot No. 132 Bandung 40258, Indonesia, bbpkbbpk.go.id ABSTRACT This reasearch comprises of two main activities that work simultaneously. Those are designing bioreactor and adaptation of agitation culture condition from the bacterial. Designing bioreactor is done by gaining information about the different types of bioreactor that were used from the research before, and then choosing the best type of bioreactor for engineering. The purpose of adaptation the bacterial condition to agitation culture is obtaining the bacterial culture that can be grown on agitation condition. Those bacterial cultures were adapted from the culture condition statically. The parameter conditions of this experiment such as composition of medium, pulp consistency, the speed of agitator, and the temperature of incubation are made constant. But the times of incubation are varied because this factor is determining the application of this research at industry, whether theirs applicable or not. Nanoibrillation process has been done by transferring the Acetobacter Xylinum bacteria to pulp suspension. The result of this experiment is indicating that the strength of LBKP iber was increasing, on the other hand for NBKP iber can’t be seen. The result from the SEM image is indicating that for the one hour time of incubation has been giving the effect of iber surface modiication. Keywords: bioreactor, nanoibrillation, the strength of paper, bacterial cellulose Introduction Conventionally the strength of paper built by using long ibers, chemical addition, and iber reining or without it. These methods have advantages and disadvantages at once. Long ibers can effectively increase the strength of paper but costly and still imported for Indonesia. Chemical agents as well as long ibers, impart a good strength development for paper but also costly and quiet bad impact to the environment. The last method, reining, is a conventional method for paper strength development since the history of papermaking begun. Reining is a mechanical method where the surface of the ibers modiied mechanically by sandwiching friction between two plates of reiner. This is the only one treatment in paper industry which modiies the surface of the ibers. Reining is recognized as the most effective way to develop the strength of paper and have been using in the industry since a long time ago. But reining consumed very much energy, and it is the second one as the energy consumer in paper industry. In the reining process, the surface of the ibers changed or modiied. On the surface of the ibers, a very ine ibers or ibrils revealed. These ibrils are in micron dimension, so it is called microibrillation. Microibrils contribute signiicantly to the strength development of paper since a huge of hydrogen bonding can be built between ibers. Microibrillation enlarge the surface area of the ibers and enhanced hydrogen bonding between them. The prior researches showed that surface ibrillation on the cellulose ibers can be produced by microorganism activities such as acetobacter or gluconobacter. The dimension of the ibrils produced by microorganism is nanometer, so this process of ibrillation called nanoibrillation. In the prior researches nanoibrillation are used for increasing the quality of composites from the mixing of nanoibrillated cellulose and other substances as a matrix. The good signiicant effects of nanoibrillated cellulose in the composites were proven. As mentioned before, the area of iber surface formed by microibrillation, enhanced ibers bonding and the strength of paper increased. In line by this idea, nanoibrillation hopefully takes the role of microibrillation in a better way due to the effect of expanding area of small matter. Nanoibrillation effects have not been using in paper industry. So, we do the research of The Utilization Of Nanoibrillation Effects on the Fibers Surface for Improving Paper Strength. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials The materials used in this research are long and short ibers NBKP, LBKP, Static Culture of Acetobacter xylinum, Growth media for A.xylinum, and chemicals for fermentation of ibers nanoibrillation process in the reactor. There are also used any steel materials, motor, and controller for design and engineering of bioreactor.

2.2 Methods

Mainly this research consist of two parallel activities. The irst one is design and engineering of bioreactor for nanoibrillation process. Literature survey was done to ind out the bioreactor design 200 © 2013 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through REPTech2012 for A.xylinum which used in prior researches. Then choose the suitable one for those experiments which some adjustments. The type of bioreactor chosen is Stirred Tank Reactor with gate and turbin-rushton agitator type. These activities followed by engineering of the bioreactor in line with the experiments condition which will be used. Another activity parallel to the design and engineering are adaptation of static culture to the dynamic culture of A.xylinum. This microorganism formerly grew and maintained in a static culture. But to be used in the experiments, it must be adapted to dynamic culture. This experiments run on stirred tank reactor to increase the productivity of A.xylinum. Theory 3.1 Fibrillation in Papermaking Microibrillation is an effort of paper industry to increase the strength of paper. After reining, the body of the ibers will collapse, the surface of the ibers will delaminated and emerge ibrils. Basically ibrillation is delamination of the iber cell wall. These illustrated in Fig. 1. Figure 1. Microibrillation in Fiber Surface The Figure 2, shows principally how nanoibrillation proceed in bacteria culture medium. Plant ibers insert to culture media, sterilize, and inoculate by cellulose producing bacteria. Figure 2. Nanoibrillation in Fiber Surface The mechanism of micro and nanoibrillation is different. Microibrillation is done mechanically, but the nanoibrillation is done biologically. Fibrils in nanoibrillation do not come from delamination of iber cell wall, but growth on the surface of the ibers as a result of microorganism activities. There is no iber collapse. These ibrils growth in line with the productivity of microorganism and called bacterial cellulose. The chemical formula of this cellulose is the same as plant cellulose ibers but different in term of chemical and physical properties Yoshinaga et al., 1997.

3.2 Reactor Types for Acetobacter xylinum