7. rén 人”person” + -men 们 rénmen 人们 ‘ people’
8. háizi 孩子 ‘child’ + -men 们 háizimen 孩子们 ‘children’
9. xiānsheng 先生’gentleman’ + - men 们 xiānshengmen 先生
’gentlemen’ 10.
péngyŏu 朋友 ‘friend’ + men 们 péngyŏumen 朋友们 ‘friends’
4.1.2 Principle 2
Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form i.e. the phonemes or order of the phonemes may constitute a
morpheme provided the distribution of formal differences is phonological definable. The principle 2 cannot be found in Medan Mandarin Chinese.
4.1.3 Principle 3
Forms which have a semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form in such a way that their distribution cannot phonologically defined constitute a
single morpheme if the forms are in complementary distribution. Principle 3 cannot be found in Medan Mandarin Chinese.
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4.1.4 Principle 4
An overt formal differences in a structural series constitutes a morpheme if in any member of such a series, the overt formal differences and a zero structural
difference are the only significance features for distinguishing a minimal unit of phonetic-semantic distinctiveness.
There is no principle 4 applied in Medan Mandarin Chinese.
4.1.5 Principle 5
Homophonous forms are indentifiable as the same or different morphemes on the basis of the following conditions:
Homophonous forms with distinctly different meanings constitute different morphemes. This principle 5 can be found in Medan Mandarin Chinese, such as :
1. gài 盖 = n. lid
我杯子的盖不见了。 W
ǒ bēi zi de gài bù jiàn le. I cup’s ‘lid’ have lost.
I have lost the ‘lid’ of my cup. gài 盖 = v. to close a small object
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我盖了那杯茶。 W
ǒ gài le nà bēi chá. I have ‘closed’ the cup tea.
I have ‘closed’ the tea cup. 2．huà 画 = n. painting
huà 画 = v. to draw
我要 画 画儿。
W ǒ yào ‘huà huà’ er.
I would like to ‘draw a painting’. 3. dīng 钉 = n. nail
dīng 钉 = v. to nail
我要钉一个钉子在这个桌子。 W
ǒ yào ‘’dīng yī gè ‘dīng’ zi zài zhè gè zhuō zi. I want ‘nail’ a ‘nail’ on this table.
I want to ‘nai’l a ‘nail’ on this table.
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4.1.6 Principle 6
A morpheme is isolatable if it occurs under the following conditions: 4.
In isolation. 5.
In multiple combinations in at least one of which the unit with which it is combined occurs in isolation or in other combinations.
6. In a single combination provided the element with which it is combined
occurs in isolation or in other combinations with nonunique constitutes. Principle 6 cannot be applied in Mandarin Chinese.
4.2 SUFFIXATION
: There are six suffixes in Medan Mandarin Chinese will be talked over in this
thesis, namely: -zi’子’, -er ‘儿’, -tou ‘头’, -zhe ‘ 着’, -le ‘了’, and –guo ‘过’.
4.2.1 Suffix –zi ‘子’
The term –zi actually has two distinct meanings in terms of its usage. One as a bound morpheme and the other one can be a free morpheme. Here, the bound
morpheme of –zi is only focused in this study as a noun-making suffix. The word-formation rule of the bound morpheme ‘-zi’ can be seen below:
-zi nominal suffix
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