4.1.6 Principle 6
A morpheme is isolatable if it occurs under the following conditions: 4.
In isolation. 5.
In multiple combinations in at least one of which the unit with which it is combined occurs in isolation or in other combinations.
6. In a single combination provided the element with which it is combined
occurs in isolation or in other combinations with nonunique constitutes. Principle 6 cannot be applied in Mandarin Chinese.
4.2 SUFFIXATION
: There are six suffixes in Medan Mandarin Chinese will be talked over in this
thesis, namely: -zi’子’, -er ‘儿’, -tou ‘头’, -zhe ‘ 着’, -le ‘了’, and –guo ‘过’.
4.2.1 Suffix –zi ‘子’
The term –zi actually has two distinct meanings in terms of its usage. One as a bound morpheme and the other one can be a free morpheme. Here, the bound
morpheme of –zi is only focused in this study as a noun-making suffix. The word-formation rule of the bound morpheme ‘-zi’ can be seen below:
-zi nominal suffix
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noun+ -zi noun The suffix -zi shows a specific object or thing, yet –zi is not an article.
For example : 1.
chē 车‘car’ + -zi 子 chēzi 车子 ‘the car’
2. hái 孩 ‘child’ + -zi 子 háizi 孩子 ‘the child’
3. ēr 儿 ‘son’ + -zi 子
ērzi 儿子 ‘the son’ 4.
yí 椅 ‘chair’ + -zi 子 yízi 椅子 ‘the chair’
5. pán 盘‘plate’ + -zi 子 pánzi 盘子 ‘the plate’
6. bēi 杯 ‘cup’ + -zi 子
bēizi 杯子 ‘the cup’ 7.
zhuō 桌 ‘table’+ -zi 子 zhuōzi 桌子 ’the table’
The suffix- zi is used to address a holy person in the past
1. Kong 孔 + - zi 子 Kongzi 孔子 ‘Confucius the philosopher’
2. Sūn 孙 + - zi 子 Sūnzi 孙子 ‘Suntzu’ the name of a warrior
General 3.
Lao 老 + -zi 子 Laozi 老子 ‘Laozi the philosopher’
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The suffix –zi is used to convert a verb into a noun, for instance:
sh ū 梳’to comb’ shūzi 梳子 ‘comb’
4.2.2 Suffix –er -r ‘儿’
The suffix –r 儿 forms a noun from a verb or an adjective, or -r can create a
diminutive form or an small size. The word-formation rules of this suffix –r can be seen as follows:
-r nominal suffix
noun + -r noun
For example : 1.
huà 画’to paint’ huàr 画儿’painting’ 2.
niǎo 鸟’bird’ niǎor鸟儿 ‘small bird’ The use of -r is pronunciation is influenced by the speech of Beijing, China
pronunciation. Some speakers of Mandarin in Medan are not favoured in using –r in their daily conversations. The -r may be attached to a word solely for a stylistic or
prestigious reason. It should be noted that -zi, -er, and –tou are bound morphemes. The morphemes ‘zi, -er, -tou’, if they stand alone with their tone discriminations,
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they will become free morphemes; such as z ǐ ‘child’, 子ér儿’child’ , and tóu 头
’head’.
4.2.3 Suffix -tou 头’ The word formation of -tou is used to convert a verb into a noun
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