Suggestions CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following: 1. As this thesis is dealing for the most part with only two-syllable words, it is hoped that there will be a further research about many words of three, four and more syllables in Medan Mandarin Chinese. 2. For Mandarin Chinese spoken by Medan people has its own typical style, it is also hoped that other linguistic cases such as syntax or semantics are worth looking into. 3. It is also hoped that there will be a further research about other Chinese dialects in Medan related to morphological processes. Universitas Sumatera Utara REFERENCES Aronoff, Mark. 1976. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Booij, Geert. 2005. The Grammar of Words. An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lim Kiat Boey. 1980. An Intoduction to Linguistics for the Language Teacher. SEAMEO Regional Language Centre. Third Impression. Singapore: Khai Wah Press. Bussmann, Hadumod. 1998. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Rouledge. Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology, Words and Their Structure . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Cobuild, Collins. 1990. English Language Dictionary. London: Collins Publishers. Finegan, E and Besnier, N. 1989. Language: Its Structure and Use. Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Fromklin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. 2011. An Introduction to Language. 9th ed. Toronto: Wadsworth. Kamus Besar Tionghoa-Indonesia 汉 语 印 度 尼 西 亚 语 大 词 典 .1995. Beijing: Pustaka Bahasa Asing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Katamba, Francis. 1994. English Words. London: Routledge. McManis, Carolyn et al. Language Files. 1988. Ohio. Advocate Publishing Group. Mel’cuk, Igor. 2006. Trends in Linguistics: Aspects of the Theory of Morphology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Nida, Eugene A. 1967. Morphology, The Descriptive Analysis of Words., 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 刘 旬 et al. New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook. 2004. Beijing: Beijing University Press. Newson, Mark et.al., 2006. Basic English Syntax with Exercises. Budapest: Bölcész Konzorcium. Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative Research Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. California: Saga Publication, Inc. Plag, Ingo. 2002. Word-Formation in English. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Sibarani, Robert. 2006. An Introduction to Morphology. Cetakan kedua. Medan: Penerbit Poda. Singh, R., Starosta, S. 2003. Explorations in Seamless Morphology. New Delhi: SAGE Publications 戴雪梅 , 张若莹. Speaking Chinese 300 Grammatical Points 实用汉语语法三白点. 2000. Beijing: New World Press Štekauer, P., Lieber, R. 2005. Handbook of Word-Formation. Netherlands: Springer. Universitas Sumatera Utara Stockwell, R., Minkova, D. 2001. English Words-History and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quirk, Randolph et.al. 1992. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Tenth Impression. New York: Longman. Universitas Sumatera Utara APPENDIX : A GUIDE TO PRONOUNCING CONSONANTS,VOWELS, DIPTHONGS, TRIPHTONGS, AND TONES IN MEDAN MANDARIN CHINESE

1. Initials and Finals

A syllable in the common speech of modern Chinese usually consists of an Initial, which is a consonant that begins the syllable, and a final, which constitutes the rest of the syllable. For example, in the syllable ‘píng’, ‘p’ is the initial and ‘ing’ is the final. A syllable can stand without an initial, such as ‘yě’, but all syllables must have a final. In the common speech of modern Chinese, there are altogether 21 initials and 38 finals. 2. Pronunciation Keys 2.1 Pronunciations of Initials Initials : m, n, l, h are pronounced similarly to their counterparts in the English language. Pinyin IPA Explanation b [p] unaspirated, voiceless p, as in spit p [p] aspirated, voiceless as in English m [m] as in English Universitas Sumatera Utara