CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
After getting through all chapters from this thesis, conclusions are drawn as the following:
5.1 Conclusions
1. The words formed by means of suffixation in Medan Mandarin Chinese
are as follows: a.
The suffix ‘-men 们’ can be added to a personal pronoun to express the plural forms. Eg: xuéshengmen 学生们’students’, l
ǎoshīmen 老师 们
‘teachers, etc. b.
Based on the structuralist approach, the morphological processes in Medan Mandarin Chinese only follows two principles of Nida’s,
those are: principle 1 and principle 5. c.
Some of the morphological processes of suffixation are : -zi 子,- er 儿, -tou 头, -le 了, -zhe 着, and -guo 过 are composed of nouns and
verbs. 2.
The words formed by compounding are as follows: a.
联 合 liánhé ‘Joint compound words’. Joint compound words
usually take one of these three forms:
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1. Words Composed of the Components With the Same or Similar
Meanings:
Noun + Noun Noun For example:
1. shēng 声 ‘sound’ + yīn 音 ‘sound’ shēng yīn 声音 ‘sound’
2. y ǔ 语‘language’ + yuán 言 ‘language’ yǔyuán 语言’language’
Adjective + Adjective Adjective
For example: 1. měi 美 ‘beautiful’ + juān 娟 ‘b eau tifu l’ měi ju
ān 美娟
‘beautiful’ 2. míng 明 ‘clear’ + 亮 liàng ‘clear’ míngliàng 明亮 ‘bright
or clear’ Verb + Verb Verb
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e.g.: bāng 帮 ‘to help’ + zhù 助 ‘to help’ 帮助 bāngzhù ‘to help’.
2. Words Composed of the Components of the Opposite Meanings:
noun + noun noun
e.g. : Dōng 东 ‘East’ + Xі 四 ‘West’ 东西 DōngXі ‘goods’.
adjective + adjective noun
e.g.: dà 大 ‘big’ + 小 xi ǎo ‘small’ 大小 dàxiǎo ‘size’
adjective + adjective adjective
e.g.: dūo 多 ‘a lot’ + shǎo 少 ‘a fewa little’ 多少 dūoshǎo ‘manymuch
verb + verb verb
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e.g.: 1. méi 没 ‘doesdo not have’ + y ǒu 有 ‘ to have’ 没有
méiy ǒu ‘does not have or do not have’
2. m ǎi 买 ‘to sell’ + 卖 mài ‘to buy’ 买卖 mǎimài ‘to run
a business’ 3. Words Composed of the Components With the Related Meanings:
noun + noun noun
e.g.: dāo 刀 ‘knife’ + chā 叉’fork’ 刀叉 dāochā ‘knife and fork’
adjective + adjective adjective
e.g.: ān 安 ‘safe’ + jìng 静 ‘silent’ 安静 ānjìng ‘quiet’
verb + verb verb
e.g.: xué 学 ‘to study’ + xí 习 ‘to practice’ 学习 xuéxí ‘to study’
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b.
偏正 piānzhèng ‘modifier-modified compound words’. In such a structure the first word modifies or restricts the latter word,
noun + noun noun
e.g. 月 yué ‘moon’ + 饼 b ǐng ‘biscuit’ yuébǐng 月 饼
‘moon cake’.
c.
补充 bǔchōng ‘verb-complement compound words’. This kind
of compound word is composed of a verb and a complement,
verb + complement verb
For example: tí 提
‘to lift’ + gāo 高 ‘high’ 提 高 tígāo ‘to raise’. d.
动 宾 dòngbīn ‘Verb-object compound words’. The first
character defines or restricts the meaning of the second one, e.g. verb + noun verb
e.g. shuō 说 ‘to speak’ + huà 话 ‘word’ 说 话 shuōhuà ‘to speak’
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e.
主 谓 zhǔwèi ‘Subject-predicate compound words’. The
relationship between the first and second character is similar to that between a subject and a predicate,
subject + predicate noun or adjective
e.g. ‘年 nián ‘year’ + 轻 qīng ‘green’ 年 轻 nián qīng ‘young’.
f. adjective + noun
noun This kind of compound word is composed of an adjective and a noun,
for example : lěng 冷 ‘cold’ + qì 气 ‘g as’ lěn g q
ì 冷气
‘ air- conditioning’
g. noun + noun adjective
This compound word in Medan Mandarin Chinese is composed of a noun and a noun, yet the result will be in an adjective, the example
can be seen below: jī 鸡 ‘chicken’ + pó 婆 ‘grandmother’ jīpó 鸡婆 ‘garrulous’
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h. verb + noun adjective
This compound word in Medan Mandarin Chinese is composed of a verb and a noun, yet the result will be in adjective, the example can be
seen below: chī 吃 ‘to eat’ + cù 醋 ‘vinegar’ chīcù 吃醋 ‘jealous’
i. verb + verb interjection
For instance : bài 拜 ‘to pray’ + bài 拜 ‘to pray’ 拜拜 bàibai ‘bye bye’
3. The words formed by reduplication are as follows:
a. Many verbs can be used reduplicated. Eg: 说说 shuō shuō ‘to chit-
chat’, 讨论讨论 t ǎolùn tǎolùn ‘to talk over’, zǒuzǒu 走走 ‘to take a
stroll’. b.
In Medan Mandarin Chinese, adjectives can be reduplicated as well. The formula of the reduplication of monosyllabic adjectives is AA,
such as 大大 dàdà ‘big’, 小小 xi ǎoxiǎo ‘small’. The formulas of the
reduplication of disyllabic adjectives are AABB, such as 高高兴兴 gāogāoxìngxìng ‘jolly’, and ABAB, such as 雪白雪白 xuěbái xuěbái
‘white like snow’.
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5.2 Suggestions
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