Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the explanation of research method, research participants, research setting, instrument and data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques and research procedures.

A. Research Method

In this research, the reseacher used the qualitative approach. Based on Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and Razavieh 2002 qualitative inquires seek to interpret human actions, institutions, events, customs, and the like, and in so doing construct a “reading”, or portrayal, of what is being studied. The strengths of qualitative studies should be demonstrated for research that is exploratory or descriptive and that stresses the import ance of context, setting, and participant’s frames of reference Marshall and Rossman, 2006: p.54. In order to gather the data, the researcher interviewed three Vocational High School English teachers to see how they gave meanings to the implementation of English Computer Based National Examination. In this research the researcher wants to describe the teachers’ experiences about English Computer Based National Examination. The researcher uses phenomenological research. According to van Manen 1990 phenomenology is the systematic attempt to uncover and describe the structure, the internal meaning structures, of lived experience. According to Moustakas 1994 the empirical PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 29 phenomenological involves a return to experience in order to obtain comprehensive description that provide the basis for a reflective structural analysis that produce essence of the experience. The aim of phenomenological study is to determine what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience and are able to provide a comprehensive description of it. Phenomenological study uses to find the essence or structure of the experience. Moustakas,1994.

B. Research Setting

The interview was conducted in January 4 th , 2016 to January 12 th , 2016. There are three participants in this research. As stated previously, they are teaching in three different schools that have conducted Computer Based National Examination before. In order to find the schools in Yogyakarta that have conducted the Computer Based National Examination, the reseacher looks for the information to Yogyakarta Educational Department. Then, the researcher got the list of school, the reseacher permitted to three schools that have choosen before. After that, the reseacher met the teachers and make an agreement when we would conduct the interview. After the researcher and the participants made the agreement, the researcher went to the schools and conducted the interview there.

C. Research Participants

This research was conducted by interviewing three English teachers who are teaching in different Vocational High Schools in Yogyakarta. The researcher chose the participants purposively. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 30 2010, in purposive sampling, sample elements judged to be typical, or representative, are chosen from the population. In purposive sampling, the researcher chose the participants based on certain criteria. The researcher made three criteria as follows: first, the participants are Vocational High School teachers. Second, the participants are teaching English. Then the third, participant had experienced of English Computer Based National Examination preparation. In this research, the participants are teaching in Yogyakarta. Since the participants are teaching in different school, then they will have different experiences in English Computer Based National Examination.

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

The researcher gathered the data by interviewing three Vocational High School English teachers from different schools, who had already implemented English computer-based national examination. According to Seidman 1991 Recounting narratives of experience has been the major way throughout recorded history that humans have made sense of their experience p.2. Interview is used to gather data from people about opinions, beliefs, and feelings about situations in their own words Ary, Jacob and Sorensen, 2010. The purpose of the interview is to know the teachers’ perception of English computer-based national examination. The data collection was an open-ended interview. Since the research method that used in this study is phenomenological research, the interview is typically more probing and open-ended and less structured than the interview used in quantitative research but varies considerably in the way it’s conducted Ary, Jacob, and Sorensen, 2010: p.438. According to Patton 2002 the purpose of 31 gathering responses to open-ended questions is to understand and capture the points of view of other people without predetermining those points of view through prior selection of questionnaire categories. The interview was used to gather data of people’s opinions, experiences, and beliefs on their own way, rather than testing hypothesis. The advantages of conducting interviews are that interviews give data of personal opinion that cannot be obtained through questionnaire or observation. Interviewing provides access to the context of people’s behavior and thereby provides a way for researchers to understand the meaning of that behavior. A basic assumption in in-depth interviewing research is that the meaning people make of their experiences affects the way they carry out that experience. Seidman 1991: p.4 Another advantage of conducting interviews based on Seidman 1991 is that interviews are powerful way to gain insight into educational issues through understanding the experience of the individuals whose lives constitute education. The strength of an interview as a qualitative method is that the researcher understands the experiences of the participants. Those experiences were told during the interviews. Conducting interviews give the researchers a chance to get deep information from the story of the interviewees. According to Seidman 1991 Telling story is essentially a meaning-making process in which people select details of their experiences from their stream of consciousness. Therefore, the researchers can develop their argumentation upon the rich resources. 32 Based on Ary, Jacob, and Sorensen, 2010 in qualitative research, the human investigator is primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing of data. The concept of human as instrument was introduced to emphasize the unique role that the researchers play in their inquiry Lincoln and Guba, 1985 as cited from Ary, Jacob and Sorensen 2010. Then, the human instrument in this research is the researcher.

E. Data Analysis Techniques

The data which was got from the interviewees would be preceded by phenomenological steps according to Moustakas 1994. The recording of interview reformed into manuscripts or verbatim. Then, the researcher gave marks of every expression relevant to the experience, usually it called horizonalization. The interview transcripts were categorized based on the theories in the review of literature, without making additional information to represent some categories of those theories. For the preparation, the researcher reviewed the professional and research methods, formulated the researcher question, described the topic and research question and selected participants. In phenomenological research, the interv iew’s questions should have both social meaning and personal significance. Organization and analysis of data began with regarding every statement relevant to the topic as having equal value. Then, the researcher made the meaning of units was listed and clustered into common themes. These theme were used to develop a textual description of experience. From those, an integration of textures and structures into the meanings and essences the phenomenon was constructed. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI