23 factors that influence NE goals. There is also the use of CBT national examination
for some schools that had passed the verification.
d. Vocational High School Teacher
Study program teacher‟s role is teaching one or more subjects or study program theory, including normative, adaptive, or productive program. According
to Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional 2003 Vocational High School which consist of various field of expertise, needs teacher with educational
background, ability and vocational skills which called specialization. It is matched with their educational background, ability and their areas of expertise majors.
There is specialization teacher who has authority to teach only a certain subject, and there is also teacher who teaches more than one related subjects. In
Vocational High School there are 21twenty-one expertise field which consist of 89eighty-nine expertise programs. Teacher need analysis based on learning
pattern which is required by applicable curriculum. Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, 2003
4. Lived Experience
Phenomenology is the study of the lifeworld. The world as people immediately experience it pre-reflectively rather than as people conceptualize,
categorize, or reflect on it Husserl, 1970b; Schutz and Luckmann, 1973, as cited from van Manen 1990. Lived experience is the starting point and end point of
phenomenological research. From a phenomenological point of view, to do reseach is always to question the way people experience the world, to want to
know the world in which people live as a human being van Manen, 1990. Based PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24 on Dilthey 1985, as cited in van Manen 1990 in its most basic form lived
experience involves our immediate, pre-reflective consciousness of life: a reflexive or self-given awareness which is, as awareness, unaware itself. Lived
experience is about how people see a phenomena and make a reflection of it. Dilthey also suggested that lived experience is to the soul what breath is to the
body: “Just as our body needs to breathe, our soul requires the fulfillment and expansion of its existence in the reverberation of emotional life” p.59.
Based on van Manen 1990 lived experiences gather hermeneutic significance as people reflectively gather them by giving memory to them.
Through meditations, conversations, day dreams, aspirations and other interpretive act people assign meaning to the phenomena of lived life. Lived-
experience descriptions can be found in a multitude of expression or form; in transcribed taped conversations; in interview materials; in daily accounts or
stories; and so on. Naturally, some types of descriptions of lived experiences are more difficult to gather than others van Manen, 1990. There always be
something for us to gather when a person shares with us a certain experience.
B. Theoretical Framework
The integration of technology and assessment could give many benefits for teachers, governments, and students. Computer Based Test could be solution for
the weaknesses of paper-pencil test. The used of CBT in national examination also could decrease the NE budget. Computer based test in national examination
give students and teachers a chance to improve their computer skill beside their knowledge skill. Meanwhile, CBT national examination provides the vehicle for
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