Theory of Hybridity Review of Related Theories

recalling the past in order to get that feel to be accepted and to find a true identity.

4. Theory of Gender Stereotype

Jane Pilcher in Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies states that the notion of stereotype was first introduced into social science in 1920s and it was understood as a typical image that comes to mind when talking about particular social group. In the other words, stereotype can be defined as a standarised and often pejorative concept or image held about an individual on the basis of their gender. Pilcher also shares some views about gender stereotype arguing that masculine characters tend to be depicted dominating and have wider range of roles, while feminine characters tend to be stereotyped in domestic settings. Meaning to say, women are seen either as sexual objects, housewives or in jobs that reflect their domesticcaring role. Pilcher, 2004:167 Mary Wollstonecraft, as cited by David Glover and Cora Kaplan in Gender , notes that women are shaped, not born: every thing that women see and hear will give impressions, call up emotions, and associate ideas, that bestow a sexual character to mind Glover, 2000: 10. Based on these views, we can tell that gender stereotype has something to do with socialisation, such as families, education system and media. It‟s been discussed earlier that the practice of colonialism similar to patriarchy, it oppresses the minority which is usually described as effiminate. In colonial discourse, female bodies are considered as conquered land Loomba, 1996: 152. A group of Japanese immigrants is seen as inferior in The Music Lesson , they are isolated, controlled and oppressed by white people that is the dominant group there. Blauner, as cited by Kitano in Race Relation, theorizes about domestic colonial perspective which has the same basic concept with the idea of gender stereotype in term of marginalized group. Generally, domestic colonialism is a form of unequal institutionalized contact and resembles a master- servant, paternalistic relationship Kitano, 1985: 46. In the other words, domestic colonialism is a term to describe the exploitation of minority groups within a wider society which seems to be acceptable and considered normal since prejudice and discrimination are universal and have to be faced by all who are strangers Kitano, 1985: 48.

C. Review on Historical Background

1. Japanese Immigrant in the USA

The Issei or first-generation Japanese immigrant came to the USA between 1870 and 1924. By 1884, Japan allowed the immigration to the Hawaiian territory and California. They came primarily from southern Japan , particularly the prefectures of Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Kumamoto, Wakayama, and Yamaguchi and found jobs in agricultural sectors. Some Issei men returned to Japan in those early days after considering themselves successful and looked for a wife to bring to the US. Men and women were brought together through an exchange of photos, and many young women were called “picture brides”, this practice, of course, made their settlement in the USA more permanent. Kitano, 1996: 239.