Kinds of Proper Names

A. Kinds of Proper Names

This part presents the kinds of proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia.

The classification is based on the theory of Asher and Sinclair. Asher classifies proper names into two classes divided into several subclasses; firstly, personal names divided into gender specific names, nicknames, personal names for roles, and proper names that shift to common noun; and secondly, names of things with some subclasses, such as brand names, pet names, names for rock group, and street names. Different with Asher, Sinclair has his own categorization, they are: peopl e‟s name, relationship noun, title, title used without names, titles used as count nouns, and other proper nouns.

In this research, both classifications of Asher and Sinclair were found. The classifications of proper names which are not available in the theory of Asher are completed by Sinclair. From 211 data of proper names found in this novel “Diary of a

Wimpy Kid”, there are 71 personal names consisting of 22 gender specific names and

49 nicknames; 10 names for things consisting of 3 brand names, 2 pet names, 3 names for rock group, and 2 street names; 14 titles; 3 titles used without names; 8 relationship nouns; and 105 other proper nouns.

The classification of all data and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen as follows:

1. Personal Names

Personal names are people‟s names which are referred to specific persons. There are 71 proper names that are found in this novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”

consisting of 22 gender specific names and 49 nicknames.

a. Gender Specific Names

From 71 data of personal names, there are 22 gender specific names in this novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. Gender specific names are kinds of names which may be gender specific and phonologically unrelated to a corresponding name of the other gender. The examples found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” are: Chirag Gupta, Rodrick, Bryan, Shane, Dorothy, and etc.

The list of data of gender specific names and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

NO Data Number

Technique of Personal Names Translation The 3 rd Person

Pronoun

Chirag Gupta

Copy

Lionel James

Copy 3 008

Jason Brill Jason Brill

Copy 4

Bryce Anderson

Darren Walsh

Shane Snella

Preston Mudd

Rodney James

Copy

Bryan Little

Collin Lee Collin Lee

Deletion & Substitution

tokoh Dorothy

Addition & Copy 22 048

Fregley

Dia

Transposition

From the table above, it can be seen that there are 21 data of gender specific names which are translated into personal names and 1 datum which is translated into the third person pronoun in Bahasa Indonesia. The following are the explanation of the way gender specific names translated into Bahasa Indonesia:

a) Gender specific names translated into personal names

There are three techniques of translation applied for translating gender specific names in ST into personal names in TT: copy, copy and addition, as well as deletion and substitution.

1) Copy technique

Copy technique is the simplest type of translation. The names which are reproduced in TT are exactly the same as they appear in the source text without suffering any sort of orthographic adjustment, for examples: Lionel James, Shane Snella, and Chirag Gupta that are translated into Lionel James, Shane Snella, and Chirag Gupta respectively. In the table above, it can be seen that the translator only borrows the name from source text into the target text when he applies copy technique. The translator uses the copy technique based on the consideration that there is no equivalent word for the personal names.

2) Copy and addition technique

The second technique applied in translating gender specific names which is in TT being personal names is copy and addition. There is only 1 datum which applies such a technique as follows:

ST : The grand finale came with auditions for Dorothy, who I guess is the

lead character in the play. TT : Bagian akhir audisi adalah untuk memilih tokoh Dorothy, yang kurasa merupakan tokoh utama dalam pertunjukan nanti. (datum number 211) The proper name Dorothy is translated into tokoh Dorothy. The name of Dorothy is not only kept by the translator without any changing by applying copy technique, but also added the word tokoh in TT by applying addition technique. Addition technique is used by the translator in order to make it clearer or more comprehensible to its target readers. The translator adds the word tokoh because he adjusts the context of situation of the story. By using tokoh, he emphasizes that Dorothy is one of character‟s names in the play which would be performed in Greg‟s

school. In the novel, Greg told that he was compelled by his Mom to join the audition of that play. The grand finale was the auditions to vote Dorothy ‟s character which was the main character in the play.

3) Deletion and substitution technique

The third technique applied in translating gender specific names is deletion and substitution. There is only 1 datum applying this technique. ST : I was peeking through the curtain to check out how many people

showed up to see the play, and guess who was standing right up

TT : Aku kebetulan sedang mengintip melalui tirai untuk melihat berapa banyak orang yang muncul ntuk menonton kami, dan coba tebak siapa yang berdiri di barisan bangku depan? Kakakku, Rodney, memakai dasi jepit.

(datum number 33) The proper name Rodrick is translated into Rodney. The translator remove a ST name by applying deletion technique, and then, he inserts the unrelated name, Rodney, by using substitution technique in TT in order to substitute ST name. In this case, the translator is not appropriate in applying the technique because he misses the name of Greg‟s brother. Actually, the name of his brother is not Rodney, but, Rodrick. While, Rodney is as Greg‟s classmate. So, the translator is not translated it in the correct way because the message is not delivered.

b) Gender specific names translated into the 3 rd person pronoun

From the table above, it can be seen that 1 datum of gender specific names in ST is translated into the third person pronoun in TT. The technique applied is transposition technique.

: Fregley started acting like a total maniac, and he chased me all

around his upstairs.

: Dia mulai bertingkah seperti seorang maniak, dan dia mengejarku di

sekeliling lantai atas.

The proper name Fregley in ST is translated into dia in TT by applying the transposition technique without changing the meaning of the original message. The personal name Fregley experiences the structural change into the third person pronoun dia in TT. The word dia represents the same reference Fregley. In this case, the translator wants to make the sentence more effective by attempting several variations in mentioning personal names. The name Fregley was mentioned in the previous sentence in the novel, so that the translator considers that the repetition is no need in the next sentence in TT. Besides, mentioning the same name in every sentence without variations will disturb the readers because repetition is boring. The novel will not be interesting anymore.

b. Nicknames

From 71 data of personal names, there are 49 nicknames in this novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”. Asher (1994) states that there are three primary principles of

nicknaming. First, a nickname can be constructed from the common vocabulary where an item is selected that is appropriate for the specific individual.

Example 1:

ST : When he was a baby, he couldn‟t pronounce “brother,” so he started calling

me “Bubby”.

TT : Waktu masih bayi, dia tidak bisa mengucapkan “brother” yang berarti

saudara laki-laki. Jadi, dia mulai memangilku “Bubby”.

The example above is found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”. The nickname “Bubby” is taken from the word “brother” which refers to a boy or man who has the same parents.

Example 2:

ST : At first I though maybe I should wear really nice clothes for the rest of the

year so I can get Best Dressed TT : Awalnya, kupikir mungkin aku harus memakai baju yang benar-benar bagus selama sisa tahun ajaran sehingga aku bisa meraih gelar Siswa Berbusana

Terbaik

(datum number 193) The example above is also found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”. The nickname “Best Dressed” is specialized for people who wear really nice clothes for every single moment.

The second principle is a conventional relationship between proper names and nicknames, even though this relationship is quite different of each other for some cases. The examples found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid” are: Abe, Archie, Bill, and Chris are the nicknames for Abraham, Archibald, William, and Christopher respectively (Connecticut State Library, 2002-2011).

The third principle overlaps with the second principle above, and consists of adding the diminutive suffix-y to the name or part of the name. The examples found in the novel in cartoons are: Jeremy and Patty are nicknames for Jeremiah

The list of data of nicknames and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.2

Ways of Nicknames translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Num- ber

ST (nicknames)

TT Technique of personal names Translation

names

Personal names (non-

names)

The 3 rd

person pronoun

Adverb

of places

common noun

1 006 Chris Hosey

Chris Hosey

Copy 2

009 Ronnie McCoy

Ronnie McCoy

Copy 3 012

Charlie Davis

Abe Hall

Marty Porter

Benny Wells

Copy 11 096

Patty Farrell

Archie Kelly

Copy 14 149

Ricky Fisher

Chris Carney

Bill Tritt

Bill Watson

Copy 21 194

Jenna Stewart Jenna Stewart Copy 22 004

“Dear Diary”

“Dear Dairy”

the Witch

Si Penyihir

Addition 25 110

Good Witch

Penyihir Baik

transposition 26

Bad Witch

Penyihir Jahat

transposition 27 115

Trees

para Pohon

transposition

Manusia Kaleng

transposition 29

the Class

Favorit di Kelas

Rowley ‟s

di sana

transposition 32

094 Athlete of the Month

Atlet Bulan Ini

Tree pohon rendition 38

092 P. Mudd

P. Mudd 1 (Footnote: 1) Dalam Bahasa Inggris, “P. Mudd” berbunyi seperti Pee Mud, yang artinya kencing lumpur)

Copy and addition

Ricky Fisher

Copy and addition

(Footnote: 3 Pilgrim = orang-orang Inggris yang hijrah ke Amerika pada 1620)

Copy and addition

"Creighton the Cretin"

Creighton the Cretin, Creighton Si Tolol

Copy and rendition

Biggest Mama's Boy

Anak Kesayangan Mama

Copy and Communicative translation

Class Clown

gelar Badut Kelas

Transposition and addition

074 Toilet Paper Mummy

tokoh Mummy Tisu Gulung

Copy, Transposition and addition

Most Popular

Siswa Paling Populer

Addition, rendition, and transposition

Most Talented

anak Paling Berbakat

Addition, rendition, and transposition

Most Athletic

Siswa Paling Atletis

Addition, rendition, and transposition

Best Dressed

gelar Siswa Berbusana Terbaik

Addition, rendition, and transposition

There are five ways in translating 49 data of nicknames in ST into TT, they are: personal names, personal names (non-names), the third person pronoun, adverb of places, and common noun.

a) Nicknames translated into personal names

From 25 data of personal names in TT, there are 21 data applying copy technique, 3 data applying copy and addition, and 1 datum applying copy and rendition technique.

Example 1: ST

: But that would mean I would have to get my picture taken with Jenna

Stewart, and she dresses like a Pilgrim

: Tetapi, itu berarti aku akan difoto bersama Jenna Stewart, dan dia

berdandan seperti seorang Pilgrim. 3

Footnote: 3 Pilgrim = orang-orang Inggris yang hijrah ke Amerika pada 1620) (datum number 196) The proper name Pilgrim in ST is translated into Pilgrim with additional information which is written at a footnote. The footnote tells the meaning of Pilgrim. The adding of footnote is conducted by translator by applying addition technique. This technique is conducted for completing the copy technique which is previously occurred by borrowing the word Pilgrim.

Example 2: ST

: After Rowley left yesterday, I really got to work on some comics. I

came up with this character called "Creighton the Cretin" TT

: Setelah Rowley pulang kemarin, aku benar-benar mengerjakan beberapa komik. Aku menemukan seorang karakter bernama

Creighton the Cretin, Creighton Si Tolol

(datum number 174) The proper name Creighton the Cretin in ST is translated into “Creighton the Cretin, Creighton Si Tolol” in TT. The translator not only uses copy, but also rendition techniques. Copy technique is applied in translating the proper names Creighton the Cretin which refers to the one‟s nickname. The character‟s name is actually Creighton who is cretin or stupid as his

characteristic. The translator keeps it. But the problem stands in the understanding of the readers who are kids in finding the meaning of the

dictionary. It becomes the reason why the translator gives additional information by applying the form of rendition technique in order to make the translation clear and understandable. Rendition is the translation technique in which the translator catches the meaning of word in the lexicon of ST, and then the acquiring meaning is to be rendered in TT. He makes variations in translating Creighton Si Tolol. He does not only use copy technique, but also apply rendition. The rendition technique is a pplied for emphasizing the character‟s personality traits which will guide the readers throughout the plot.

b) Nicknames translated into personal names (non-names)

From the table above, it can be seen that in translating personal names (non- names) in TT, the translator uses 8 techniques of translation, they are: copy; addition; transposition; rendition; copy and communicative translation; transposition and addition; addition, copy, and transposition; as well as addition, rendition, and transposition.

Example 1:

The proper name Dear Diary is translated as it is in TT by applying copy technique. The translator just borrows that proper name from ST without any changes. Actually, the translator can make some variations in translating this

phrase because the word „Dear‟ has equivalent word „Sayang‟ in TT. Meanwhile, the word Diary in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia is not phrase because the word „Dear‟ has equivalent word „Sayang‟ in TT. Meanwhile, the word Diary in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia is not

Example 2: ST

: And if looks could kill, us Trees would be dead.

TT : Dan seandainya pandangan bisa membunuh orang, kami para Pohon

pasti sudah mati.

(datum number 115) The proper name Trees in ST is translated into para Pohon in TT. The translator applies transposition technique because there is the structural change in this proper name. The word Trees which shows the plural noun should be translated into Pohon-pohon in TT. But, the translator changes the

plural form of that repetition form by using the word “para”. The word “para” also shows collective marker referring to people who comprise a group. The translator uses this word to make some variation or may be to make the use of proper name more effective in the context of sentence.

Example 3: The proper name Biggest Mama‟s Boy in ST is translated into Anak

Kesayangan Mama. The translator used some techniques in translating this phrase; they are copy and communicative translation. The copy technique occurs when the translator remains using the word Mama in its translation. He just copies that word from ST because the word Mama actually has

equivalent meaning with “Ibu” in TT. Meanwhile, the communicative equivalent meaning with “Ibu” in TT. Meanwhile, the communicative

kind of idiom, so that the translator used the communicative equivalents which are appropriate with the message “Anak Kesayangan Mama”. The message of the writer is that the boy is very close to his mother and tends to

be a spoiled son.

Example 4: ST

I figure maybe I‟ll bring back the Toilet Paper Mummy.

TT : Kurasa aku akan kembali menghidupkan tokoh MUMMY TISU

GULUNG

(datum number 74) The proper name the Toilet Paper Mummy in ST is translated into tokoh MUMMY TISU GULUNG. The translator applies some variations for translating this phrase. He applies addition, copy, and transposition technique. Copy technique is applied in the translation of the word Mummy in ST which is translated into Mummy in TT. The translator borrows that word without any change even though in TT there is an equivalent word “Mumi” (Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 1989). Mummy is the term for a body that has been preserved for burial by embalming and wrapping in bandages (Concise Oxford Dictionary, 2001).

Meanwhile, the transposition technique occurs when the translator changes the structural system of language of ST into TT. Toilet Paper (MH/Modifier- Head) into Tisu Toilet (HM/Head-Modifier) in TT and also Toilet Paper Mummy into Mummy Tisu Gulung which has similar structural change. The adding of the word tokoh in front of Mummy Tisu Gulung is kind of addition technique which is conducted in order to make the proper name clear and understandable for the target reader. Besides, the capital letter used in this proper name in TT also one of the way of translator in adding the emphasis to this phrase for the readers.

Example 5:

The proper name Most Popular in ST is translated into Siswa Paling Populer in TT. The translator translated it by using addition, rendition, and transposition techniques. The rendition technique occurs when the translator literally translates this phrase from ST Most Popular into Paling Populer in TT. The addition technique occurs when the translator added the word Siswa in front of Paling Populer in order to make it clear and acceptable for the target readers. Most Popular in ST is the combination of adverb and adjective which forming the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. It experiences the class change of word from phrase consisting of adverb and adjective into the noun phrase in TT “Siswa Paling Populer” because of the adding of the word Siswa. Most Popular is one of category which could not The proper name Most Popular in ST is translated into Siswa Paling Populer in TT. The translator translated it by using addition, rendition, and transposition techniques. The rendition technique occurs when the translator literally translates this phrase from ST Most Popular into Paling Populer in TT. The addition technique occurs when the translator added the word Siswa in front of Paling Populer in order to make it clear and acceptable for the target readers. Most Popular in ST is the combination of adverb and adjective which forming the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. It experiences the class change of word from phrase consisting of adverb and adjective into the noun phrase in TT “Siswa Paling Populer” because of the adding of the word Siswa. Most Popular is one of category which could not

be the famous student in his school.

c) Nicknames translated into the 3 rd person pronoun

From the table above, it can be seen that 1 datum of nicknames is translated into the third person pronoun in TT. It is translated by using transposition technique.

: All that you have to do to beat Rowley is name your car something

ridiculous at the beginning of the game.

: Untuk mengalahkannya, kita hanya perlu menamai mobil dengan

julukan konyol di awal permainan.

(datum number 15) The nickname Rowley in ST is translated into the third person pronoun -nya in TT. The translator applies transposition technique for this proper name. There is structural change happens in this word that is from personal noun into third person pronoun. It occurs because the translator wants the translation being effective dealing with the mentioning the same name repeatedly. He wants to make variations so that his translation is attractive.

d) Nicknames translated into adverb of places

The table above shows that 1 datum of nicknames is translated into adverb of place. It is translated by applying transposition technique.

: Unfortunately, the only games I can play at Rowley ‟s are car-racing

: Malangnya, satu-satunya permainan yang bisa kumainkan di sana

hanyalah balap mobil dan yang sejenisnya.

(datum number 14) The proper name Rowley ‟s refers to Rowley‟s house which means rumah Rowley. The proper name of that phrase is the word Rowley. When it change into phrase Rowley ‟s house in ST, the translator translate it into adverb of place di sana in TT. He uses transposition technique because there is structural change in TT without change the message of the original source text. The adverb of place di sana remains to refer to Rowley ‟s house.

e) Nicknames translated into common noun

From the table above, it can be seen that the last way to change nicknames is by translating it into common noun in TT. It is only 1 datum as follows:

: I‟m going to sign up to be a Tree, because 1) they don‟t have to sing

and 2) they get to bean Dorothy wit apples.

: Aku akan mendaftarkan diri sebagai pohon karena 1) pepohonan tidak usah menyanyi, dan 2) pepohonan mendapat kesempatan untuk melempari Dorothy dengan apel.

(datum number 112) The proper name of Tree is translated into pohon in TT. It used rendition technique because translated literally in TT. The writing style without capital letter may be caused by the technical error of publishing because in other

2. Names For Things

There are other things than individual people and places that receive names as well. Asher classified names for things into brand names, names for rock group, pet names, and street names. From 211 data of proper names, the researcher found

10 data of names for things including 3 brand names, 3 names for rock group, 2 street names, and 2 pet names.

a. Brand Names

From 10 data of names for things, there are 3 brand names found in the novel. Brand names act like common nouns, but they are considered to be subclass of proper names since they are written with capital letters. Unlike personal names, brand names can be copyrighted so that no one else can use them. The examples found in the novel are Butterfinger and Cheerios. Both of them are the names of foods. Butterfinger is brand of candy bar made by Nestlé which consists of a flaky, orange-colored center, somewhat similar texture to crisp caramel, with a taste similar to peanut butter that is coated in compound chocolate (www.wikipedia.org/butterfinger accessed on 13 th September 2011). Meanwhile Cheerios is brand names of breakfast cereal by General Mills (www.wikipedia.org/cheerios accessed on 9 th August 2011).

The list of data of brand names and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.3

Ways of Brand Names translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of Translation

Brand Names

permen Butterfinger

Addition, copy & transposition 3 188

the Food Barn toko Food Barn Copy & addition

From the table above, it can be seen that all brand names in ST are translated into brand names in TT by applying 3 techniques, they are: copy, copy and addition, as well as addition, copy, and transposition.

From 3 data of brand names, there is only 1 datum which applies copy technique. The second technique used by translator for translating brand names is copy and addition. It is used in translating the Food Barn. The translator translates it into toko Food Barn in TT. By applying copy technique, he still keeps the phrase Food Barn in TT because he did not find the equivalent words which is appropriate with that phrase, but, he apparently attempts to make it clearer or comprehensible for children or kids by adding the word toko in TT. This is called as addition technique. The translator adds extra information to the original name to make it clear and solve the ambiguities that might exist in TT.

The last technique used for translating brand names is addition, copy, and transposition. It is used in the proper name Butterfingers which is translated into permen Butterfinger in TT. The brand name Butterfingers in

ST is borrowed by the translator in TT by applying copy technique, but he also applies transposition technique by omitting„s‟ of Butterfingers in ST

which refers to the plural word and translates it into Butterfinger without „s‟ which means that it is singular word. The change from plural into singular is one of structural changes that happened in translation and it is named transposition technique. Besides applying copy and transposition techniques,

the translator also adds the word „permen‟ in TT for making the brand name Butterfinger clearer for the target readers.

b. Names For Rock Group

From 10 data of names for things, there are 3 names of rock groups. Names of rock groups, especially heavy metal bands are often unconventional, even outrageous and offensive. A large class of names deals with death. Other common categories for selecting names are drugs, dangerous animals, weapons and abnormality.

Example:

SL : His band is called “Loaded Diaper,” only it‟s spelled “Löded Diper”

on Rodrick‟s van

TL : Band-nya diberi nama “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,”

hanya saja mereka salah mengejanya menjadi “Löded Diper” di

mobil van Rodrick.

(Datum number 43)

The example above is found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”. “Loaded Diaper”, the rock group name, is such kind of abnormality. Loaded diaper is such of disgusting thing. Diaper which is loaded means there are disgusting

thing inside such as pee and faces. The list of data of names for rock group and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.4

Ways of Names for Rock Group translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO DATA Number

Technique of Translation

Names for Rock Group

“Löded Diper”

Copy

“Loaded Diaper”

Copy

“Loaded Diaper” “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok

Berisi,”

Copy & addition

From the table above, it can be seen that there are all data of names for rock group in ST are translated into names for rock group in TT. The translator uses 2 techniques for transla ting them: copy, and „copy and addition‟ techniques. From 3 data, there are 2 data applying copy technique

and 1 datum applying copy and addition techniques.

Example: ST

: His band is called “Loaded Diaper,” only it‟s spelled “Löded

Diper” on Rodrick‟s van

TT : Band-nya diberi nama “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,” TT : Band-nya diberi nama “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,”

(Data number 44 and 43, respectively) The example above is a part of the novel telling that Greg‟s brother has a

heavy metal band with the abnormal name that is Loaded Diaper (datum number 44) which is spelled Löded Diper (datum number 43). The copy technique is apparently used for translating the proper name Löded

Diper in ST into Löded Diper in TT. The translator keeps the word Löded

Diper without any changing. Meanwhile, in datum number 44, the translator applies copy and addition techniques for translating Loaded Diaper in ST into “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,” in TT. He keeps the phrase ““Loaded Diaper” without any changing by applying copy technique, but on

the other hand, he also applies addition technique by adding the meaning of that names of rock group by adding atau “Popok Berisi”. The translator attempts to ensure that the reader can catch the message by reading additional information. It is very helpful for the young readers as the target audience for this novel.

c. Street Names

From 10 data of names for things found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”, there are 2 street names. They are Snake Road and Whirley Street. The list of data of street names and the way they are translated into

Table 4.5

Ways of Street Names translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

TT Technique of Translation

Street Names

Snake Road

Copy

Whirley Street

Copy

From the table above, it can be seen that the street names are only translated ST as street names in TT. The technique used by the translator is also just one: copy technique.

Example:

The street name Snake Road is translated by the translator into Snake Road without any change in TT by using copy technique. In fact, he has any option for changing those words because there are the equivalent words found in TT. He can change it in TT into Jalan Ular. Snake in ST can be changed into Ular in TT, meanwhile Road in ST means Jalan in TT. The translator keeps the phrase Snake Road for maintaining the culture dealing with the setting of place in the novel.

d. Pet Names

From 10 data of names for things found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”, there are 2 data of pet names. The pet name found in the novel is Toto

which referred to the dog names of one character, Dorothy, in the play entitled “The Wizard of Oz”.

The list of data of pet names and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.6

Ways of Pet Names translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of pet names Translation

1 107 Toto.

peran Toto

Copy and addition

From 2 data of pet names in the table above, it can be seen that all data of pet names in ST are translated into pet names in TT. But, they are translated with different techniques: copy, as well as copy and addition techniques.

Example 1: ST

: Yesterday, she brought in this first-grader to play Dorothy's dog,

Toto.

: Kemarin, dia memasukkan seorang murid kelas satu untuk

memainkan peran Toto, anjing milik Dorothy.

(datum number 107) The pet name Toto in ST is translated in different way into peran Toto. The translator applies copy and addition techniques because he keeps the name Toto by applying the copy technique, but he also adds the word peran for making it clearer for the target readers to refer that the pet name is one of the character in the play by using addition technique. In the novel, Greg told that (datum number 107) The pet name Toto in ST is translated in different way into peran Toto. The translator applies copy and addition techniques because he keeps the name Toto by applying the copy technique, but he also adds the word peran for making it clearer for the target readers to refer that the pet name is one of the character in the play by using addition technique. In the novel, Greg told that

3. Title

From 211 data of proper names in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”, there are 14 titles. Title is word which shows someone‟s social status or job. They are

spelled with capital letter. Title is placed in front of a person‟s name. However, it is usually placed in front of their surname or their full name; some titles can be

followed just by the person‟s first name. It commonly used in formal way for showing the respect to them.

Example:

SL : I started hanging my posters up as soon as I got in. But they were only up for

about three minutes before Vice Principal Roy spotted them. TL : Aku mulai menggantung poster-posterku begitu aku tiba. Namun baru tiga menit, Wakil Kepala Sekolah Roy melihatnya. The example above is found in the novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid”. Vice Principal is referred to the title of the person named „Roy‟. It also refers to the job and

position of Roy in his institution. The list of data of title and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.7

Ways of Title translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

title/social

job class/ position

1 052 Mrs. Craig

Mrs. Craig

Mr. Mitchell

Copy 4

083 Mr. Underwood

Mr. Underwood

Mrs. Norton

Copy 7 152

Mr. Darnell

Copy 8 159

Mr. Winsky

Copy 9 166

Mrs. Levine

Copy 10 182

Mrs. Irvine

Copy 11 198

Mr. Worth

Copy 12 127

Uncle Charlie

Paman Charlie

Rendition 13

058 Vice Principal Roy

Wakil Kepala Sekolah Roy

Rendition 14 080

Dr. Garrison

dr. Garrison.

Transcription

From the table above, it can be seen the change of title in ST into TT. There are three ways of translating title, they are: title (social title), academic title, and job class/ position.

a) Title translated into title (social title)

From 14 data of title, there are 12 data translated into title (social title). The techniques used in translating title (social title) are copy and rendition techniques.

Example:

The title Uncle which is followed by the name Charlie in ST is translated into

Paman Charlie in TT by applying technique of rendition. The title Uncle is equivalent with the word Paman in TT. Rendition technique occurs when the ST is caught in the lexicon of that language, and then the acquiring meaning is rendered in the target language.

b) Title translated into academic title

From the table above, it can be seen that 1 datum of title in ST which is translated into the academic title in TT. It is translated by applying copy and transcription techniques.

: The only things we could salvage were a couple of mints that were wrapped in cellophane, and the toothbrushes Dr. Garrison gave us.

: Satu-satunya hal yang berhasil kami selamatkan hanyalah beberapa butir permen mint yang terbungkus plastik dan sikat gigi pemberian dr. Garrison.

(datum number 80) The title Dr. (read: doctor) in ST is translated into dr. (read: dokter) in TT by applying transcription technique. This technique occurs when a name is transliterated or adapted at the level of morphology, phonology, grammar to conform to the target language system. The title Dr. in ST has an equivalent title in TT dr. without capital letter for

mentioning the same profession of doctor. According to Cambridge Learner‟s Dictionary (2004), doctor is a person whose job is to treat people who have an mentioning the same profession of doctor. According to Cambridge Learner‟s Dictionary (2004), doctor is a person whose job is to treat people who have an

From 14 data of title, there is only 1 datum translated into job class/ position in TT. It is Vice Principal which is translated into Wakil Kepala Sekolah in TT by applying rendition technique. This technique occurs when the ST is enmeshed in the lexicon of that language, thus the acquiring meaning to be rendered in the target language. The word Vice has an equivalent meaning with Wakil, meanwhile Principal in ST is translated into Kepala Sekolah in TT. So, Vice Principal is changed into Wakil Kepala Sekolah in TT.

4. Title used without Names

From 211 data of proper names, there are 3 data of title used without names.

Example:

SL : Nobody ever thinks about running for Treasurer because all anyone ever

cares about are the big-ticket positions like President and Vice President. TL : Tak seorangpun berpikir untuk mencalonkan diri sebagai Bendahara karena

yang dipedulikan semua orang hanyalah posisi-posisi tinggi seperti Ketua

dan Wakil Ketua. (Data number 54, 55 and 56, respectively) The example above found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. They are Treasurer, President , and Vice President . It can be seen that the person‟s name is omitted. Sometimes, determiners, other modifiers, and qualifiers are used with the titles. The titles of President, Vice President, or Treasurer are also which shows dan Wakil Ketua. (Data number 54, 55 and 56, respectively) The example above found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. They are Treasurer, President , and Vice President . It can be seen that the person‟s name is omitted. Sometimes, determiners, other modifiers, and qualifiers are used with the titles. The titles of President, Vice President, or Treasurer are also which shows

The list of data of title used without names and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.8

Ways of Title used without names translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of Translation

Job class/ position used without names

Vice President.

Wakil Ketua.

Rendition

The table above shows that all the data of title used without names in ST is translated into job class/ position that are used without names into TT. There are 3 data of them that are translated by applying rendition technique. For example, the proper names President and Vice President in ST are respectively translated into Ketua and Wakil Ketua in TT. The translator opts for translating President in ST into Ketua in TT, which shows the highest position in an organization or institution. Meanwhile, Vice President has been translated into Wakil Ketua in TT as the second highest position in an institution or organization.

5. Relationship Noun

From 211 data, there are 8 relationship nouns found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. Relationship nouns is used in family level referring to the From 211 data, there are 8 relationship nouns found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. Relationship nouns is used in family level referring to the

Example:

SL : I called Mom to tell her we were going to crash at Gramma ‟s for the Night. TL : Aku menelepon Mom untuk mengatakan kami akan menginap di rumah

Nenek malam itu. (Data number 203 and 78, respectively) The example above is found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. The

relationship noun Mom and Gramma is used by the writer to call his mother and grandmother respectively. It is used like names to address writer‟s mother and grandmother.

The list of data of relationship noun and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.9

Ways of Relationship Noun translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of Translation

Relationship Noun The 3 rd person pronoun

Mom

copy 2 204

MOM

copy 3 207

Dad

copy 4 208

DAD

copy 5 078

Gramma

Nenek

rendition 6 205

Mom

Ibu

transposition 7 079

Gramma

Grandma

substitution 8 206

Mom

Dia

transposition

The table above shows that relationship nouns in ST are translated into relationship noun and the third person pronoun in TT.

a) Relationship Noun translated into relationship noun

From 8 data of relationship noun, there are 7 data are translated into relationship noun in TT. The relationship nouns in TT are translated by applying copy, transposition, rendition, and substitution techniques.

Example 1:

The proper name Gramma in ST is translated into Grandma in TT. The translator uses substitution technique to translate it. Gramma and Grandma has the same meaning which is in Bahasa Indonesia means Nenek. Actually, in the concept of substitution technique, there is no limitation that the ST and TT have to be the relation in meaning. They are apparently unrelated names which refer to the same referent. So, the translator should use the other technique for the word Gramma. It is better for him to change the word Gramma with the equivalent word in TT that is Nenek as he did before in datum number 078 on which he had translated Gramma in ST into Nenek in TT by applying rendition technique.

Example 2: ST

: Rowley‟s Mom got him this knight costume that‟s WAY cooler than

his costume from last year.

:Ibu Rowley membelikannya kostum seorang kesatria yang JAUH

(datum number 205) The relationship noun Mom in ST is translated into Ibu in TT. The translator applies transposition technique because there is structural change in this word without changing the meaning of the original message. The change is conducted to adjust the structural language of TT.

b) Relationship Noun translated into the third person pronoun in TT

From 8 data of relationship noun, there is 1 datum translated into the third person pronoun in TT. It is translated by applying transposition technique.

Example:

The relationship noun Mom in ST is translated into dia in TT. The translator applies transposition technique. There is structural change in this word without changing the meaning of the original message. Mom is changed into the third person pronoun in order to make the sentence more effective without changing the message.

6. Other Proper Nouns

From 211 data of proper names, there are 105 data of other proper nouns covering 10 subclasses, they are: 22 names of dates, 17 names of events, 14 names of art works, 13 names of other unique things, 11 names of subject, 9 names of place, 8 names of group, 8 names of children' plaything, 2 names of food, and 1 names of animal.

a. Names of Dates

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 22 names of dates. Names of dates cover names of days and months. For example: September, December, and January are names of month; and Saturday, Tuesday, Thursday are names of days.

The list of data of names of dates and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.10

Ways of Names of Dates translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of Translation

Names of Dates

not translated

Jum‟at

Deletion &substitution

18 039 Saturday

hari Sabtu

Addition

026 April

bulan April

Addition & transcription

061 October

bulan Oktober

Addition & transcription

21 180 June

bulan Juni

Addition & transcription

22 071 Wednesday

Deletion

The table above shows that names of dates are translated into names of dates and „not translated‟ in TT.

a) Names of dates are translated into names of dates

From 22 data of names of dates, 21 data of names of dates are translated into names of dates in TT. One of them is translated by applying deletion and substitution; 7 data are by applying rendition; 9 data by applying transcription; 1 datum is by applying addition; and 3 data are by using addition and transcription techniques.

Example 1:

The proper names January in ST are translated into Januari in TT by applying transcription technique. The translator attempts to transcribe a name in the closest corresponding letters of a different target alphabet or language. It is to conform to the language system of TT. It can be see in the word January , the alphabet „y‟ is changed into „i‟ in TT becoming Januari.

Example 2:

ST : Most kids wake up early on Saturday to watch cartoons or whatever, ST : Most kids wake up early on Saturday to watch cartoons or whatever,

kartun atau semacamnya, tetapi aku tidak begitu.

(datum number 39) The proper name Saturday in ST is translated into hari Sabtu in TT. The additional information lied in front of the word Sabtu in TT is by applying addition technique. It is not only to ensure that the target readers know that Saturday is name of day so he adds the word „hari‟ in TT, but also to adjust the structural acceptability. In the ST, we find preposition

„on‟ which is equivalent with „pada‟. The sentence will be less acceptable if it is followed by the word Sabtu directly. Hari Sabtu in TT is the right

choice in translating Saturday. The word hari is not in capital letter because it is adjusted to the structural language system in TT.

Example 3:

The proper name Tuesday in ST is translated into Kamis in TT. The translator uses deletion technique because the original message of the source text is not delivered. Then, he applies substitution technique for changing the word Tuesday in ST into Kamis in TT. Both of them do not have any relation meaning, except the similarity of them as the names of day. Actually, the translator should literally translate the word Tuesday in ST into Selasa in TT because Selasa has an equivalent meaning with the The proper name Tuesday in ST is translated into Kamis in TT. The translator uses deletion technique because the original message of the source text is not delivered. Then, he applies substitution technique for changing the word Tuesday in ST into Kamis in TT. Both of them do not have any relation meaning, except the similarity of them as the names of day. Actually, the translator should literally translate the word Tuesday in ST into Selasa in TT because Selasa has an equivalent meaning with the

From 22 data of names of dates, 1 datum of them does not translated by applying deletion technique. The datum which does not translated in TT is

Wednesday.

The translator uses deletion technique because he omitted the message of the original source text in TT. Even though some of readers did not realize the omission of that name of dates, but it remains reducing the accuracy of the translation. So, the translator should translate Wednesday in ST into Rabu in TT.

b. Names of event

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 17 names of events. Names of events cover the cultural events and events that have relation with certain religion. The examples found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid: are: Halloween, Christmas, New Year Eve, Thanksgiving Food Drive, Secret Santa, etc. Halloween is such of cultural events held in October which is associated with scary creatures and costumes; and New Year Eve is cultural event celebrated in December, 31 th for every year which is associated with fireworks. New Year Eve is celebration of the changing of the year. Meanwhile, Christmas, Thanksgiving Food Drive, and Secret Santa are the events dealing with religion.

The list of data of names of events and the way they are translated into

Table 4.11

Ways of Names of Event translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of Translation

Proper Names (Names of events

not translated

Adverb

of time

common noun (names of events)

1 084 Christmas

hari Natal)

addition 2 088

Christmas.

Natal lalu

Addition 3

090 Christmas

semua urusan Natal

Addition 4

New Year's Eve

Malam Tahun Baru

Transposition

New Year‟s Eve

malam tahun baru Transposition 6 143

New Year

tahun baru

130 Giving Tree

Pohon Rezeki

Communicative translation

131 Giving Tree

acara Pohon Rezeki

Addition and communicative translation

Thanksgiving Food Drive

Pembagian Makanan Thanksgiving.

Transposition and copy

134 Secret Santa

Santa Rahasia

Transposition and copy

063 Halloween

perayaan Halloween

Giving Tree

guy

orang

yang menerima sweter

Deletion

086 Christmas

tahun

ini

Deletion

The table above shows that from names of events are changed into names of event as proper name; „not translated‟; adverb of time; and names of event in common noun form.

a) Names of events translated into names of event as proper name

From 11 data of names of event in TT, there are 3 data translated by applying Addition; 1 datum translated by applying Transposition; 1 datum translated by applying Rendition; 1 datum translated by applying communicative translation; 1 datum translated by applying copy; 1 datum translated by applying addition and communicative translation: 2 data translated by applying copy, rendition, and transposition; 1 datum translated by applying copy and addition.

Example 1:

ST : Tonight me and Mom went out to get a gift for the Giving Tree at

church TT : Malam ini, aku dan Mom akan pergi ke acara memberikan hadiah

Pohon Rezeki di gereja.

(datum number 130) The proper name Giving Tree is translated into Pohon Rezeki in TT. The translator applies the communicative translation technique for translating this phrase. It is different with the original but its meaning can be understood by the target readers. The ST is translated literally then the ST

is paraphrased into “Giving Tree” which is simpler and to the point.

“Giving Tree” is a social events held by church in Christmas where people get a gift for someone who is needy.

Example 2:

ST : The Giving Tree is basically a Secret Santa kind of thing where you

get a gift for someone who is needy. TT : Pada dasarnya, acara Pohon Rezeki mirip dengan acara Santa Rahasia, di mana kita memberikan sebuah hadiah untuk orang yang kurang mampu.

(datum number 131)

The proper name Giving Tree is translated into acara Pohon Rezeki in TT. The translator applies variations in this phrase. He is not only uses communicative translation in translating Giving Tree, but also uses addition technique by adding the word acara in front of the translation

“Pohon Rezeki” in TT. The translator makes sure that the target readers know that Giving Tree is the name of event in the main actor‟s culture. He paraphrases the proper name by using communicative translation by

translating Giving Tree in ST into Pohon Rezeki in TT. It represents the original message of ST, but it is simpler and to the point.

Example 3:

The proper name Secret Santa is translated into Santa Rahasia. The translator applies three techniques in translating this phrase; they are copy, The proper name Secret Santa is translated into Santa Rahasia. The translator applies three techniques in translating this phrase; they are copy,

b) Names of events translated into „not translated‟

From the table above, it can be seen 3 data which are not translated in TT by applying deletion technique.

Example: ST : But I have a secret weapon when it comes to Christmas.

TT :Namun, soal hadiah Natal, aku memiliki senjata rahasia.

(datum number 87) The proper name Christmas in ST is not translated in TT. Christmas in ST refers to the adverb of time, but, the translator does not translate it. He

omits the message of the source text in TT. He adds the phrase „soal

hadiah Natal‟ in his translation, but it does not represent the word Christmas in ST. The translator applies deletion technique in this case.

From the table above, it also can be seen 1 datum which is translated into adverb of time is translated into TT by applying deletion.

c) Names of events translated into adverb of time

From the table above, it can be seen 1 datum which is translated into adverb of time in TT by applying deletion technique.

Example:

ST : I usually make a big wish list every year, but this Christmas, all I really want is this video game called Twisted Wizard. TT : Aku biasanya membuat daftar keinginan yang panjang setiap tahun. Namun, tahun ini, yang kuinginkan hanyalah video game terbaru berjudul Twisted Wizard.

(datum number 86) The proper name Christmas in ST does not translated in TT. The translator applies deletion technique because he omits the message of the original source text. The word tahun ini in the translation does not represent this Christmas, but when the translator translated into Natal tahun ini or Natal ini in TT, it can represent adverb of time „this year‟. Meanwhile, 2 data of names of events which are translated into common noun form use transposition technique.

d) Names of events translated into names of event in common noun form

From the table above, it can be seen 2 data which are translated into names of events in common noun form in TT by applying transposition technique.

Example:

ST : And that‟s also why my only New Year's resolution is to never play

with Manny again. TT : Dan itu pula alas an mengapa satu-satunya resolusi tahun baruku adalah tidak akan pernah lagi bermain bersama Manny. (datum number 143) The proper name New Year in ST is translated by using transposition technique. It is translated into tahun baru in ST. The word new in ST has equivalent meaning with baru in TT as modifier of the phrase. It explains the word year in ST or tahun in TT as the head of phrase. The change of Modifier-Head in ST into Head-Modifier in TT applies transposition technique. Dealing with the change of the proper name into common noun, the translator adjusts the structural language system in TT. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1989), in Bahasa Indonesia, events which are not followed by the name are written without using capital letter.

c. Names of Art Works

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 14 names of Art Works. Names of art work cover title of the songs, movie, play, books and comics which are spelled with a capital letter. The example of title of songs found in the novel “Dairy of Wimpy Kid are: “My Country „Tis of Thee”, and “We Three Trees”. These songs are sung in the play the Wizard of Oz. This From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 14 names of Art Works. Names of art work cover title of the songs, movie, play, books and comics which are spelled with a capital letter. The example of title of songs found in the novel “Dairy of Wimpy Kid are: “My Country „Tis of Thee”, and “We Three Trees”. These songs are sung in the play the Wizard of Oz. This

The list of data of names of art works and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.12

Ways of Names of Art Works translated into Bahasa Indonesia NO

Data Number

Technique of

Names of art works Translation 1 135

"Best of L'il Cutie"

Copy 2 136

"L'il Cutie"

Copy 3

163

"Guinness Book of World Records"

"Guinness Book of World Records" Copy 4 169

“Wacky Dawg”

Copy 5 175

Creighton the Cretin

“Creighton the Cretin”

Copy 6 122

"We Three Trees," … lagu "Kami Tiga Pohon" Rendition and addition 7 176

"Dumb Teachers"

"Guru- guru Bodoh”

Transposition 8

202

"Creighton the Curious Student"

“Creighton Si Murid Penasaran”

Copy and transposition 9

103

"My Country 'Tis of Thee"

lagu "My Country 'Tis of Thee"

Copy and addition 10 037

“Bink Says Boo”

“Bink Bilang Boo”

Copy and rendition 11

153

"It's Great to Be Me"

"Senangnya Menjadi Diriku"

Transposition and deletion

168

"Wacky Dawg" "Wacky Dawg" (Si Anjing Sinting) Addition, Copy, and transposition 13

040 “How to Make Friends in New Places ,”

“Bagaimana Mendapatkan Teman di Tempat Baru ,”

Rendition, deletion and transposition

100

"The Wizard of Oz"

"The Wizard of Oz" atau Penyihir dari Oz

Copy, addition, and rendition

The table above shows that all data of names of art works are translated in names of art works in TT. From 14 data, there are 5 data translated by applying copy; 1 datum translated by applying rendition and addition; 1 datum translated by applying transposition; 1 datum translated by applying copy and transposition; 1 datum translated by applying copy and addition; 1 datum translated by applying copy and rendition; 1 datum translated by applying transposition and deletion; 1 datum translated by applying addition, copy and transposition; 1 datum translated by applying rendition, deletion and Transposition; and datum translated by applying copy, rendition and addition.

Example 1: ST

: When I heard Mrs. Norton playing the first few bars of "We Three

Trees," I felt my stomach jump.

: Saat mendengar Mrs. Norton memainkan beberapa baris nada pertama lagu "Kami Tiga Pohon", aku merasa perutku bergejolak. (datum number 122 ) The proper name "We Three Trees” is translated into Kami Tiga Pohon in TT. The translator applies rendition technique in translating that phrase because he translated it literally. The words is translated in TT respectively: We means Kami, Three means Tiga, and Trees means Pohon which is the plural form has been inside in the word Three. He also adds the word lagu in : Saat mendengar Mrs. Norton memainkan beberapa baris nada pertama lagu "Kami Tiga Pohon", aku merasa perutku bergejolak. (datum number 122 ) The proper name "We Three Trees” is translated into Kami Tiga Pohon in TT. The translator applies rendition technique in translating that phrase because he translated it literally. The words is translated in TT respectively: We means Kami, Three means Tiga, and Trees means Pohon which is the plural form has been inside in the word Three. He also adds the word lagu in

Example 2: ST

: I quit my job as school cartoonist after "Creighton the Curious Student" came out, and I didn‟t really care who they picked to replace me.

: Aku berhenti dari pekerjaanku sebagai kartunis sekolah setelah “Creighton Si Murid Penasaran” beredar, dan aku sama sekali tidak peduli siapa yang mereka pilih untuk menggantikanku. (datum number 202 ) The proper name Creighton the Curious Student is translated into Creighton Si Murid Penasaran in TT. It experiences some variations of translation technique; they are copy and transposition. Firstly, the translator borrows the name Creighton as it is in TT by applying copy technique, and then he translated the Curious Students into Si Murid Penasaran by applying transposition technique. The change is the transposition of Modifier- Head (M-H) into Head-Modifier (H-M) in TT. Then, the Creighton the Curious Student is translated into Creighton Si Murid Penasaran.

Example 3: ST

I saw a couple of the “Bink Says Boo” kids holding their books upside down, and I don‟t think they were joking.

: Aku melihat bebe rapa anak “Bink Bilang Boo” memegang buku- : Aku melihat bebe rapa anak “Bink Bilang Boo” memegang buku-

(datum number 37) The proper name Bink Says Boo is translated into Bink Bilang Boo in TT. The translator keeps the words Bink and Boo by applying copies technique. He does it because he cannot find the equivalent words in TT. Then, he translates Says in ST into Bilang in TT. He rendered the acquiring meaning of the source text in TT. The translator, finally, found the translation of the proper name Bink Says Boo in ST into Bink Bilang Boo.

Example 4: ST

: In school today they had a general assembly and showed the movie

"It's Great to Be Me"

: Hari ini di sekolah, mereka mengadakan pertemuan akbar dan

menyetel film "Senangnya Menjadi Diriku"

(datum number 153) The proper name "It's Great to Be Me" in ST is translated into

“Senangnya Menjadi Diriku” in TT. The translator uses two techniques: transposition and deletion. The transposition occurs when the sentence is changed into phras e. The word „It is great‟ which is constructed by noun,

verb and adjective is only translated into „senangnya‟ which is adjective. Meanwhile the deletion technique happens when the translator omits the translation of „it is‟ in the sentence for the effectiveness the proper name in

TT. The translator consider that the meaning of it is has not any significance in the TT.

Example 5: ST

: Bryan has this comic called "Wacky Dawg" and when it started off,

it was actually pretty funny.

: Bryan menggambar sebuah komik yang berjudul "Wacky Dawg" (Si Anjing Sinting), dan pada awalnya, komik itu cukup lucu. (datum number 168) The proper name "Wacky Dawg" is translated into "Wacky Dawg" (Si Anjing Sinting) in TT. The translator uses three techniques for translating that phrase, they are: copy, transposition, and addition. The copy technique occurs when the translator borrows the phrase "Wacky Dawg". He only copies without change anything. Meanwhile, the addition technique occurs when the translator adds the meaning of “Wacky Dawg” in TT in order to make the reader understand the sense of humor that appears in that title. The addition of the word Si in front of the translation in TT Anjing Sinting also strengthens the personality trait of the character. The transposition technique happens when the translator make structural change in the word Wacky Dawg which is translated into Anjing Sinting. The word Wacky is equivalent with Sinting as modifier. Both of them explain the word Dawg which is equivalent with Anjing as the head. So, there is change of pattern which is

Example 6: ST

: His mom bought him this book called “How to Make Friends in

New Places ,” ….

: Ibunya membelikannya sebuah buku berjudul “Bagaimana

Mendapatkan Teman di Tempat Baru ,” ….

(datum number 40) The proper name “How to Make Friends in New Places” is translated into

“Bagaimana Mendapatkan Teman di Tempat Baru,” in TT. The translator uses rendition technique because he translates it literally. But, on some part he used some variations, such as when he does not translate the word „to‟ in TT. He applies deletion technique. He should translate it into „untuk‟ or „cara‟ in TT so that the translation is Bagaimana Cara Mendapatkan Teman di

Tempat Baru. The original message is not totally delivered. Then, he also uses transposition technique when he translates the word New Places in ST into Tempat Baru. There are some structural changes happens. Firstly, the pattern of ST which is MH (modifier-head) into HM (Head-modifier) in TT, and secondly, he change the plural form of the phrase in ST into singular form in TT. The word Places is plural which should translate into Tempat-tempat.

Example 7:

The proper name "The Wizard of Oz" is translated into "The Wizard of Oz" atau Penyihir dari Oz in TT. The translator uses some variations in The proper name "The Wizard of Oz" is translated into "The Wizard of Oz" atau Penyihir dari Oz in TT. The translator uses some variations in

proper name clearer for the target reader. Meanwhile, the rendition technique occurs when the translator literally translate the phrase "The Wizard of Oz" in ST into Penyihir dari Oz in TT.

d. Names of other unique thing

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 13 names of other unique things. The names of other unique things consist of names of thing which is unique and specific including the names of vehicle, electronic equipment, punch word, etc. The examples found in the novel are: Big Wheel,

TV, and "Zoo- Wee Mama!”. Big Wheel is kind of vehicle which is unique with the big wheel for the front wheel. TV is kind of electronic equipment in the shape of box for watching programs. Meanwhile, Zoo-Wee Mama! is punch word of comic which is unique and said when something fun and ironic happen.

The list of data of names of other unique thing and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.13 Ways of Names of other unique things translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Proper Names (Names of other unique things)

common noun (Names of other unique things)

1 025 Cheese Touch

Sentuhan Keju

CD CD Copy 4 140

Big Wheel

Copy 5 172

"Zoo-Wee Mama!"

Copy 6

137 “From Santa”

“Dari Santa”

copy and rendition

Parental Warning

CDs

CD yang pada

kemasannya terdapat

stiker “Peringatan Untuk Orangtua ”

Addition and transposition

139 “Parental Warning” stickers

stiker “Peringatan Untuk Orangtua ”

Addition and transposition

073 TV pesawat televisi Addition and transposition

049 CDs CD Copy and transposition

"Zoo-Wee Mamas"

"Zoo-Wee Mama"

Copy and transposition

Big Wheel

sebuah sepeda mainan beroda besar, Big Wheel.

Copy and addition

13 036 Website. situs internet addition

The table above shows that from 13 data of names of other unique things, there are 11 data translated into proper names and 2 data translated into common nouns.

a) Names of other unique things translated into proper names form

From 11 data of names of other unique things as proper names in TT, there are 1 datum translated by applying transposition; 1 datum translated by applying rendition; 3 data translated by applying copy; 1 datum translated by applying copy and rendition; 2 data translated by applying addition and transposition; 2 data translated by applying copy and transposition; 1 datum translated by applying copy and addition.

Example 1: ST : I have never gotten to listen to one of those Parental Warning CDs, TT : Aku belum pernah mendengarkan CD yang pada kemasannya

terdapat stiker “Peringatan Untuk Orangtua”

(datum number 139) The proper name Parental Warning is translated into yang pada kemasannya terdapat stiker “Peringatan Untuk Orangtua”. The translator uses transposition in translating Parental Warning which is relative clause of the noun CDs become Peringatan Untuk Orangtua which is noun phrase in TT. Meanwhile, he uses addition in the translation by adding information „yang pada kemasannya terdapat stiker‟. It is

added in order to make the proper name understandable and brief for target readers who are kids.

Example 2:

TT : Rowley memberiku sebuah sepeda mainan beroda besar, Big Wheel.

(datum number 138) The proper name Big Wheel is translated into sebuah sepeda mainan beroda besar, Big Wheel. The translator applies copy and addition techniques for translating that proper name. The copy technique occurs when he copies Big Wheel in TT without any changes, and the addition technique occurs when the translator adds information about what Big Wheel is. He lays the information „sebuah sepeda mainan beroda besar,‟ in front of the word Big Wheel in TT. It is very important to do to make the target readers understand about Big Wheel. It is done for the structural acceptability in TT.

b) Names of other unique things translated into common nouns form

From the table above, it also can be seen that 2 data of common noun in TT are translated by using addition, as well as addition and transposition.

Example:

ST : I had to explain that you need a game system and a TV to play

Twisted Wizard,

TT : Aku terpaksa menjelaskan bahwa seseorang membutuhkan perangkat alat permainan dan sebuah pesawat televisi untuk bisa memainkan Twisted Wizard.

The proper name TV is translated into pesawat televisi in TT. The translator applies addition and transposition in translating that proper name. The addition technique occurs when the translator adds the word pesawat in front of the translation. Meanwhile, the transposition happens when he change the pattern of TV in the ST which is explained into televisi in TT which is modifier in TT. The word televisi explains the word pesawat.

e. Names of Subject

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 11 names of subject. Th e names of subjects found in this novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” deals with the academic institution which spelled with a capital letter, such as History, Geography, and Home Economics 1 and 2. History and Geography are common subjects got by the students in Junior High School. History discusses about the whole series of events in the past which relate to the development of

a country, subject, or person (Cambridge Learner Dictionary 2 nd edition, 2004) meanwhile geography relates to the study of all the countries of the world, and of the surface of the earth such as the mountains and seas (ibid). The subjects of Home Economics 1 and 2 correlated with a school subject that you learn how to cook and sew (ibid).

The list of data of names of subjects and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.14 Ways of Names of subject translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Proper Names of

subject

common noun (Names of subject)

1 199 History

pelajaran Sejarah

Addition 2 145

Independent Study

Belajar Mandiri

transposition 3 017

Phys Ed pelajaran olahraga Transposition 4 167

English

Bahasa Inggris

Home Economics 2

pelajaran Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 2

Communicative translation

Home Ec 1

Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 1

Communicative translation and deletion

Pre-Algebra

pelajaran Pra-Aljabar

addition and transcription

Transposition and transcription

Independent Study

kelas Belajar Mandiri,

Addition and transposition

018 Phys Ed

olahraga

Rendition and Deletion

The table above shows that from 9 data of names of subjects translated into proper names and 2 data translated into common nouns.

a) Names of subjects translated into proper names

From 9 data of names of subjects translated into proper names in TT, there are 1 datum translated by applying addition; 1 datum translated by applying Transposition; 2 data translated by applying Rendition; 1 datum translated by applying communicative translation; 1 datum translated by applying deletion and communicative translation; 1 datum translated by From 9 data of names of subjects translated into proper names in TT, there are 1 datum translated by applying addition; 1 datum translated by applying Transposition; 2 data translated by applying Rendition; 1 datum translated by applying communicative translation; 1 datum translated by applying deletion and communicative translation; 1 datum translated by

Example 1: ST : One of the classes I signed up for is something called Independent

Study

TT : Salah satu kelas yang kuikuti adalah pelajaran yang diberi nama

Belajar Mandiri

(datum number 145) The proper name Independent Study is translated into Belajar Mandiri. The translator uses transposition technique because there is structural change in the translation. He changes the pattern of ST which is modifier- head (MH) into Head-Modifier (HM) in TT. Study and Belajar are explained by their modifier Independent or Mandiri. Meanwhile, the translator also changes the word class of Independent Study, which is noun phrase, into Belajar Mandiri which is constructed by verb and adjective in TT or verbal phrase.

Example 2:

ST : I WANTED to sign up for Home Economics 2, because I was pretty

good at Home Ec 1.

TT : Aku INGIN mengikuti pelajaran Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 2

(datum number 147) The proper name Home Economics 2 is translated into pelajaran Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 2 in TT. The translator applies communicative translation because he paraphrases the acquiring meaning with the simpler and to the point words or phrase. According to Concise Oxford Dictionary (2001), Home Economics is the study of cookery and household management.

Example 3:

ST : I WANTED to sign up for Home Economics 2, because I was pretty

good at Home Ec 1. TT : Aku INGIN mengikuti pelajaran Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 2 karena aku sangat jago dalam Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 1. (datum number 148) The proper name Home Ec 1 is translated into Keterampilan Rumah Tangga 1 in TT. The translator uses not only communicative translation, but also deletion techniques. After he paraphrases the acquiring meaning with the simpler and to the point words or phrase by communicative translation, then, he omits the word pelajaran in TT because he considers that it is more effective if he deletes the word pelajaran in its translation. It is because he mentioned the translation of Home Ec 2 before which tells that it is kind of study.

Example 4:

ST : Today in Geography we had a quiz, and I have to say, I‟ve been

looking forward to this one for a long time.

TT : Hari ini, ada ulangan Geografi, dan harus kuakui, aku menanti-

nantikannya sejak lama.

(datum number 98) The proper name Geography is translated into Geografi in TT. The translator translates it by applying two technique, they are: transposition and transcription. The transcription occurs when the translator translates Geography into Geografi in TT. He may suppress, add, and changed the position of letters, probably as a way to preserve the readability of the text in TT context. Meanwhile, the transposition technique happens when there is structural change in TT. Geography in ST is adverb, but the translator changes it into the modifier of the word ulangan in TT. It explains the word ulangan in TT.

b) Names of subjects translated into common nouns

From the table above, it can be seen that 2 data of names of subjects translated into common noun in TT apply deletion and transposition.

Example 1:

ST : In third period, Mr. Underwood, our Phys Ed teacher, announced

that the boys will be doing a wrestling unit for the next six weeks.

mengumumkan bahwa semua siswa laki-laki akan ikut dalam tim gulat selama enam mingu ke depan.

(datum number18) The proper name Phys Ed is translated into olahraga in TT. This phrase is translated by applying rendition and deletion techniques. When it is only translated by applying rendition, it should be pelajaran olahraga/ pendidikan jasmani in TT, but the translator only translate it into olahraga in TT because he omits the word pelajaran/ pendidikan by applying deletion technique. It does not have any significance when the word olahraga is combined with the word guru. It is clear enough to call it guru olahraga.

Example 2:

ST : Today we had Phys Ed, so the first thing I did when I got outside was sneak off to the basketball court to see if the Cheese was still there.

TT : Hari ini, kami ada pelajaran olahraga. Jadi, hal pertama yang kulakukan saat sampai di luar adalah mengendap-endap ke lapangan basket untuk melihat apakah Keju masih berada di tempatnya.

The proper name Phys Ed is translated into pelajaran olahraga. Phys is abbreviation of Physical, meanwhile Ed is from the word Education. Physical Education has equivalent meaning with Pendidikan Jasmani/ The proper name Phys Ed is translated into pelajaran olahraga. Phys is abbreviation of Physical, meanwhile Ed is from the word Education. Physical Education has equivalent meaning with Pendidikan Jasmani/

f. Names of Places

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 9 names of places. The names of places cover name of country, city, institution, area, and tourism object. The examples found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” are the United States, California, Crossland High School, the Lake of Blood, and Chainsaw Alley, etc. the Lake of Blood and Chainsaw Alley are the part of haunted house which is tourism object. They are also included into proper names because they refer to particular things and are spelled with a capital letter.

The list of data of names of places and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.15 Ways of Names of Places translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of

Names of places Translation 1 029

Chainsaw Alley

Gang Gergaji Listrik

Transposition 5 066

the Lake of Blood

Danau Darah

Rendition 6 070

the Hall of Screams

Lorong Jeritan

Rendition 7 099

the United States.

Amerika Serikat

Conventionality 8 064

Crossland High School SMU Crossland Copy and Transposition 9 177

Six Flags

Six Flag

Copy and Transposition

The table above shows that the whole data of names of places are translated into proper names in TT. From 9 data of names of places in TT, there are 3 data translated by applying copy; 1 datum translated by applying transposition; 1 datum translated by applying rendition; 1 datum translated by applying conventionality; 1 datum translated by applying copy and transposition.

Example 1:

The proper name the United States is translated into Amerika Serikat in TT. It shows that a geographical name in the source texts were replaced with conventionalized forms in the target culture, namely Amerika Serikat.

Example 2: ST

: In June, all the officers in the Safety Patrols go on a trip to Six Flags,

and they get to take along one friend.

: Pada bulan Juni, semua petugas Pengawas Keamanan pergi jalan-

jalan ke Six Flag, dan mereka boleh membawa seorang teman.

(datum number 177) The proper name Six Flags is translated into Six Flag.The translator keeps the word Six Flags in the TT by applying copy technique, but he also uses transposition techniques because he change the plural form of the source text

into the singular form in the TT. He omits the marker of plural form„s‟ of the source text in TT. In fact, he cannot do it because the word six is one of into the singular form in the TT. He omits the marker of plural form„s‟ of the source text in TT. In fact, he cannot do it because the word six is one of

g. Names of Group

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 8 names of group. There are some example names of group found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”, such as Gifted group, Easy Group, and Safety Patrols. Gifted Group refers to the group of students with natural ability, especially in academic field; meanwhile Easy Group refers to the group of students with low intelligence. Safety Patrols refers to group sent to keep watch over an area, especially a detachment of guards or police.

The list of data of names of group and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.16 Ways of Names of group translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Proper names (Names of group)

Common noun (Names of group)

1 034 the Gifted group

kelompok Berbakat

Transposition 2 154

Safety Patrol

Pengawas Keamanan

transposition 3 155

Safety Patrols

Pengawas Keamanan

Transposition 4 156

Patrols

para pengawas

Transposition 5 157

Patrols

tim Pengawas

the Square Dance

unit

tim Square Dance

Copy and Transposition

035 the Easy group

kelompok Biasa-Biasa Saja

Deletion, addition and Transposition

The table above shows that 7 data of names of group are translated into proper name and 1 datum of them is into common noun.

a) Names of group are translated into proper name

The translator applies five techniques in translating names of group, they are: addition, transposition, rendition, copy and transposition, as well as deletion, addition and transposition.

Example 1:

ST : Later on, they made an announcement that there are some openings

on the Safety Patrols, and that got me thinking.

TT : Setelah itu, mereka memberikan pengumuman bahwa ada lowongan untuk Pengawas Keamanan, dan hal itu membuatku berpikir. (datum number 155) The proper name Safety Patrols is translated into Pengawas Keamanan. The translator applies transposition technique because he makes structural change in TT. The phrase Safety Patrols is plural form in the ST into singular form in TT. He should translate it into Pengawas-Pengawas

Keamanan. Example 2:

ST : They don‟t come right out and tell you if you‟re in the Gifted group or the Easy group, but you can figure it out away by looking at the covers of the books they hand out.

kelompok Berbakat atau kelompok Biasa-Biasa Saja. Namun, kita bisa segera menebaknya dengan melihat sampul buku yang mereka bagikan.

(datum number 35) The proper name Easy Group is translated into kelompok Biasa-Biasa Saja. The translator uses some techniques for translating that phrase, they are: deletion, addition, and transposition. The deletion technique occurs when he translate the word Easy into Biasa-Biasa Saja. Actually, the word Easy has equivalent meaning with the word mudah in TT.

According to Cambridge Learner‟s Dictionary (2004), easy is not difficult or relaxed. Meanwhile, the translator changes the word Easy into Biasa- Biasa Saja in TT. He omits the source text meaning „easy‟. The addition

technique occurs when the translator adds Biasa-Biasa Saja in TT dealing with the understanding of the target readers. Transposition technique happens when there is structural change relating to the pattern of modifier- head of the source text which is changed into head-modifier of the target text. The word group in ST or kelompok in TT as the head is explained by the word Easy of Biasa-Biasa Saja as the modifier.

b) Names of group are translated into common noun

From the table above, it also can be seen that 1 datum of names of group is translated into common noun. It is translated by applying transposition

ST : Me and Rowley don‟t technically have stations like all the other Patrols, so that means we don‟t have to stand out in the freezing cold

for an hour before school. TT : Secara teknis, aku dan Rowley tidak memiliki stasiun seperti para

pengawas lainnya. Jadi, itu berarti kami tidak perlu berdiri di tengah

udara dingin selama satu jam sebelum masuk sekolah.

(datum number 156) The proper name Patrols is translated into para pengawas in TT. The translator applies transposition technique because he makes structural change. He uses the word para for representing the plural form of source text. It should be translated in the form of repetition in TT into pengawas- pengawas, but he changes it into para pengawas. It is conducted because of the structural acceptability in TT.

h. Names of Children‟s Plaything

From 105 data of other proper nouns in the novel, there are 8 names of children‟s playthings. The names of children‟s playthings cover the names of

dolls, and video games. The examples of proper names found in the novel are Barbie, Twisted Wizard, and Formula One Racing. Barbie is a doll representing a conventionally attractive young woman, meanwhile Twisted Wizard, and Formula One Racing are the names of video games.

The list of data of names of children‟s plaything and the way they are

Table 4.17 Ways of Names of Children‟s Plaything translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Names of Children‟s Plaything

1 124 Twisted Wizard.

Twisted Wizard.

126 Barbie Dream House Rumah Impian Barbie Copy and Transposition

053 “Discovering the Alphabet ”

“Bermain Bersama Alfabet”

Rendition and Recreation

Twisted Wizard

ukuran Twisted Wizard

Copy and Addition

042 Formula One Racing Balap Mobil Formula Satu Copy, Addition, and Transposition

129 Beach Fun Barbie

Barbie edisi Pantai

Copy, deletion, Addition & transposition

From the table above, it can be seen that there are 8 data of names of children‟s plaything in ST which are translated in the same form that is proper names (names of children‟s plaything). There are 6 techniques used in translating names of children‟s plaything, they are: 3 using copy, 1 datum using „copy and transposition‟, 1 datum applying „rendition and recreation‟, 1 datum using „copy and addition‟, 1 datum using „copy, addition and

transposition‟, and 1 datum using „copy, deletion, addition, and transposition‟ techniques.

Example 1: ST

: I just put one of my discs in Manny‟s “Discovering the Alphabet”

case, and that‟s all it takes.

: Aku tinggal memasukkan salah satu CD permainanku ke dalam kotak “Bermain Bersama Alfabet” milik Manny, dan semuanya beres. (datum number 53 ) The proper name Discovering the Alphabet is translated into Bermain Bersama Alfabet. The translator applies rendition and recreation techniques for translating that phrase. The rendition technique occurs when the translator translate the Alphabet into Alfabet. He translates it literally. He catches the meaning of the source text, and then he renders the acquiring meaning into the target text. Meanwhile, he applies recreation technique for translating the word discovering. In the target text, discovering should be translated into menemukan. When the translator translates it onto Bermain Bersama, it shows that he tries to reproduce the similar effects of this newly-created referent in the target cultural setting. He ignores the lexical item of source text in target text.

Example 2: ST

: I‟m getting a little sick of playing Formula One Racing with

Rowley, because he‟s not a serious gamer like me.

: Aku mulai merasa muak bermain Balap Mobil Formula Satu bersama Rowley karena dia bukan seorang pemain yang serius seperti aku.

(datum number 42 )

The proper name Formula One Racing is translated into Balap Mobil Formula Satu in TT. The translator applies three techniques for translating this phrase, they are: copy, addition, and transposition. The copy technique occurs when the translator keeps the word Formula in TT. He did not find the equivalent word in TT. Meanwhile, the addition technique happens when he adds Mobil to explain the word Balap. It makes clearer for target readers. Then, the transposition happens when there is structural change of source text in target text. The translator changes the pattern of modifier-head of the source text into the pattern of head-modifier in target text. The word Racing or Balap is explained by the words Formula One in ST or Formula Satu.

Example 3: ST

: So if you ever see a picture of me where I‟m holding a Beach Fun

Barbie ,…

: Jadi, jika kalian pernah melihat foto diriku yang sedang memegang

Barbie edisi Pantai ,…

(datum number 129 ) The proper name Beach Fun Barbie is translated into Barbie edisi Pantai. The translator applies some techniques in translating the phrase; they are: copy, deletion, addition, transposition. The copy technique occurs when the translator copies the word Barbie in TT. The deletion technique happens when he omits the acquiring meaning of fun (datum number 129 ) The proper name Beach Fun Barbie is translated into Barbie edisi Pantai. The translator applies some techniques in translating the phrase; they are: copy, deletion, addition, transposition. The copy technique occurs when the translator copies the word Barbie in TT. The deletion technique happens when he omits the acquiring meaning of fun

i. Names of Food

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 2 names of food. The example found in this novel is Cheese which is kind of food made from milk and is usually white or yellow, and can be either hard or soft. It is spelled with capital letter in this novel because it refers to particular cheese which has been sitting on the blacktop since last spring in the basketball court until it has been moldy and nasty.

The list of data of names of food and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.18 Ways of Names of Food translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Names of Food

Si Keju

Addition

The table above shows that the only one changing of names of food in ST is Names of food in TT. There are 2 techniques applied by the translator in translating names of food, they are addition and rendition. From 2 data, there is 1 datum using addition.

: Nobody would play basketball on the court where the Cheese was, even though that was the only court that had a hoop with a net.

: Tidak ada yang sudi bermain basket di lapangan yang ada Si Keju, walaupun tempat itu adalah satu-satunya lapangan yang memiliki ring berjaring.

(datum number 19) The proper name Cheese in ST is translated into Si Keju in TT. The translator applies addition technique by adding the word „Si‟ in front of the proper name Keju, which ensure the target readers that the Cheese is the particular subject as if it is a human being. The word „Si‟ is added for the structural acceptability in TT.

j. Names of Animal

From 105 data of other proper nouns, there are 1 names of animal. The datum found in this novel is Cooties which refers to body louse.

The list of data of names of animal and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.19 Ways of Names of Animal translated into Bahasa Indonesia

NO Data Number

Technique of Translation

Names of Animal

1 023 Cooties

Kutu Badan

Transposition

Kinds of Proper Names

Parts

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