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target language equivalent is neutral compared to the source language item, then the translator can sometimes add the evaluative element by means of a modifier or
adverb if it is necessary, or by building it in somewhere else in the text. So, it may be possible in some context to render a word from the source language by the more
neutral word in target language with the addition of an equivalent modifier. For instance, we may render the verb batter in English by the neutral Japanese verb
tataku plus a modifier such as ‘savagely’ or ‘ruthlessly.’ However, differences in expressive meaning are usually more difficult to handle when the target language
equivalent is more emotionally loaded than the source language item. We often find this in the case with items that relate to sensitive issues such as religion, politic and
sex. For example, homosexuality in English and shithuth jinsi in Arabic literally: ‘sexual perversion’, where the Arabic equivalent is inherently more pejorative and
would be quite difficult to use in a neutral context without suggesting strong dissaproval.
9. Differences in form
In most cases, there is no equivalent at all in the target language for a particular form in the source text. Certain suffixes and prefixes that convey
prepositional and other types of meaning in English often have no direct equivalents in other language. English has many couplets such as employeremployee,
trainertrainee and payerpayee. English also makes frequent use of suffixes such as –ish e.g. boyish, hellish, greenish and –able e.g. conceivable, retrievable,
drinkable. In comparison, Arabic has no ready mechanism for producing such forms and so these words are often replaced by an appropriate paraphrase, depending on the
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meaning that they convey e.g. retrievable as ‘can be retrieved’ and drinkable as ‘suitable for drinking’. It is relatively easy to paraphrase propositional meaning;
however, other types of meaning cannot always be spelt out in a translation. Their subtle contribution to the overall meaning of the text is either lost altogether or
recovered elsewhere by means of compensatory techniques.
10. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
Even when a particular does have a ready equivalent in the target language, there can be a difference in the frequency with which the equivalent is used or for
which purpose the equivalent is use. For example, English uses the continuous –ing form for binding clauses much more frequently than other languages that have
equivalents for it such as German and the Scandinavian language. As a result, rendering every –ing form in an English source text with an equivalent –ing form in a
German, Danish or Swedish target will result in stilted, unnatural style.
11. The use of loan words in the source text
The use of loan words in the source text has raised a special problem in the art of translation. Quite apart from their respective propositional meaning, loan
words such as au fait, chic and alfresco in English are often used for the prestige value. The reason is that these loan words can add an air of sophistication to the text
or its subject matter. This aspect is often lost during the translation process because it is not always possible to find a loan word with the same meaning in the target
language. For example, dilettante is a loan word in English, Russian and Japanese but Arabic has no equivalent loan word. This means that only the propositional
meaning of dilettante can be rendered into Arabic; the stylistic effect will almost
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certainly have to be sacrificed. This circumstance poses another problem and this problem is entitled as false friends. False friends are words or expressions which
have the same form in two or more languages but convey different meaning. These words are often associated with historically or culturally related languages such as
English, French and German. However, this case also appears in other unrelated languages such as English, Japanese and Russian. For example, an inexperienced
translator may confuse the word English sensible with the German sensible meaning ‘sensitive’.
In addition to the above problems of non-equivalence, structures of sentences, either in the source language or in the target language, may be various from one to
another ‘since “each structure will lay stress on certain linguistic features or levels and not on others”’ as cited in Bassnett, 2002, p. 80. The case will be more
complicated when a translator deals with literary text such as novels. In the case of literary text, there has been failure of many translators to understand that a literary
text is made up of a complex set of systems existing in a dialectical relationship with other sets outside its boundaries has often led them to focus on particular aspects of a
text at the expense of others. Furthermore, Lotman determines four positions of the addressee as cited in
Bassnett, 2002, p.80: 1.
Where the reader focuses on the content as matter, i.e. picks out the prose argument or poetic paraphrase.
2. Where the reader grasps the complexity of the structure of a work and the way in
which the various levels interact.
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3. Where the reader deliberately extrapolates one level of the work for a specific
purpose. 4.
Where the reader discovers elements not basic to the genesis of the text and uses the text for his own purpose.
For the purpose of translation, position 2 will be an ideal starting point and position 3 and position 4 might be tenable in certain circumstances. Position 1, unfortunately,
will be completely inadequate even though many translators have focused on the content matter at the expense of the text’s formal structure.
B. Theoretical Framework
After dealing with the theoretical description, now the researcher will be dealing with the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is highly
important for the research because the framework will guide the readers into the research effort done by the researcher. In addition, the framework will ease the
readers to follow the research process step by step. The detail of the framework will be provided in the following section.
All of the theories being outlined above will be implemented in the research. The researcher will use the first theory to find all of the available relative clauses in
the research objects, namely The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho and the translation Sang Alkemis. After finding all of the available relative clauses, the researcher would
specify the findings into relative clauses with relativizer that due to the fact that relative clause with relativizer that is the focus of the research. Then, the researcher
will use the second theory to figure how the translator has translated the relative
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