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2. The source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language
The source language word may express a concept which is known in the target culture but simply not lexicalized, which means that the concept is not
‘allocated’ in the target-language word. We can see this clearly from the word savoury. The word savoury has no equivalent in many languages, including Bahasa
Indonesia, even though the concept of this word is very easy to understand. Another example is the adjective standard that means ‘ordinary’ as in standard range of
product expresses a concept that many people can easily understand but still the word does not have any equivalent in many languages as well.
3. The source language word is semantically complex
This problem is quite common in the art of translation. This problem refers to the condition where a single word that consists of a single morpheme can sometimes
express a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. The reason is that language develops very concise form for referring to complex concepts if the
concepts become important enough to be talked about by the user for most of the times. We do not usually realize how semantically complex a word is until we have
to translate it into a language that does not have an equivalent for the word. There is a good example for this problem. In Brazilian language we can find the word
arruacao which means ‘clearing the ground under coffee trees of rubbish and piling it in the middle of the row in order to aid in the recovery of beans dropped during
harvesting.’
4. The source and target language make different distinctions in meaning
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The target language may make more or fewer distinctions in meaning than the source language. What a language consider as an important distinction in meaning
another language may not perceive as relevant. For example, Bahasa Indonesia makes a clear distinction for a single state: hujan or rain. In Bahasa Indonesia, going
out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining refers to kehujanan; on the other hand, going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is raining refers to hujan-
hujanan. We will not find such distinction in English. As a result, if an English text refers to going out in the rain, then the Indonesian translator will find it difficult to
choose the appropriate equivalent unless the context is clear whether the subject knows that it is raining or not.
5. The target language lacks a superordinate
The target language may have specific words or hyponyms but no general words or superordinate to head the semantic field. We can see such problem clearly
in Russian. Russian has no ready equivalence for the word facilities, which refers to ‘any equipment, building, services, etc. that are provided for a particular activity or
purpose.’ However, this language has several specific words that can be regarded as types of facilities such as sredstva peredvizheniya ‘means of transport’, name
‘loan’, neokhodimye pomeschcheniya ‘essential accomodation’ and neokhodimye oborudovaniye ‘essential equipment’.
6. The target language lacks a specific term hyponym
This problem is more common than the previous one. As we have learned, languages tend to have general words or superordinate but lack the specific ones or
hyponyms, since each language makes only those distinctions in meaning which
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seem relevant to its particular environment. There are so many examples of this case in English and we will never be able to write all of such words. For example, we
have the word article and under the word article we can find feature, survey, report, critique, commentary, review and so on. Then, we also have the word house and
under this word we can find bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, lodge, hut, mansion, manor, villa and hall. Last but not least, we have the word jump as well and under
this word we can find leap, vault, spring, bounce, dive¸ clear, plunge and plummet. There are more examples that we can find and all of these words have no equivalents
in many languages.
7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
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