14 instance, the syntagmatic relation between a verb and a prepositional phrase can
be seen in
The girl sat across the field
and
The smell ran accross the field.
The first example is normal, meanwhile the second example is odd.
c. Derivational relation
The derivational relation happens when word families occur in paradigmatic choices. The particular word choices should be generated from the
same root. For instance, the word
cook
can be enlarged into
cooker, cooking,
and
cookery.
3. Hyponymy
Poole 1999 states that in order to deal with the external world, people should put label on a thing. This matter leads people to divide the thing into a
particular classification or categorization. In line with this, Aitchison 2003 agrees that a further way to examine the lexical structure is by noting the way in
which a language classifies items. The classification will be assisted through a hierarchical structure. In addition, Aitchison 2003 argues that by knowing the
hierarchical structure, it helps people to understand the multiple links between different words. Then, it also allows
people‟s logical notations to be explicit in their description. As a result, one of the hierarchical structure examples is
hyponymy. Hyponymy is one of the sense relations in which a hierarchical structure is
made to explain the relation between meaning. Onwukwe 2015 argues that hyponymy is a type of sense relations in which a meaning is embedded from the
meaning of general term. Further, hyponymy belongs to the paradigmatic relation PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 in the field of identity and inclusion. Cruse 2000 argues that hyponymy is one of
the most important structuring relations in which a particular word becomes the superordinate or hyperonym, meanwhile the other words come as the subordinates
or hyponyms. Further, Cruse 2000 states that hyponymy exposes the meaning inclusion.
In line with this, Chaffin and Glass 1990 also say that hyponymy is a class inclusion. As Nida 1975 argues that there are four types of relations in the
meaning of language. They are inclusion, overlapping, complementation, and contiguity. As hyponymy represents the notion of meaning inclusion, meaning
inclusion is understood as the meaning of particular thing might be included within other meanings. Equally,
Nida 1975 states that “in many instances, the meaning of one word may be said to be included within the meaning of another
” p. 15. For instance, all
poodles
are
dogs
and all
dogs
are
animals
. Thus, the meaning of
poodle
can be said to be included in the meaning of
dog
and the meaning of
dog
is included in the meaning of
animal
. As a consequence of meaning inclusion, hyponymy also involves the
notion of membership. As argued by Palmer 1981, the inclusion repesents the matter of class membership. Cruse 2000 also demonstrates that the class of the
hyperonym includes the class of hyponymy as a subclass from an extensional view. Thus, hyponymy involves the notion of subclass or membership. Winiharti
2010 mentions the example of hyponymy is the relation between
flower.
The
tulip
and
rose
are the hyponyms of
flower
, while the
flower
is the hyperonym of
tulip
and
rose
. In order to make the discussion easily to be understood, Winiharti PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
