53
different sports
running, riding, swimming,
shooting and
fencing. 4.
trampoline A
piece of
equipment that is used in gymnastic
for doing jumps in
the air.
It consists of a sheet
of strong material that is attached by
springs to
a frame.
piece of Noun
OALDO
c. Head
Third, the next constituent of the noun phrase is head. The head is the constituent which contains the most prominent information. It determines the kind
of the whole phrase. The notion of the head could be seen in the definitions as well. For example, the
canoeing
was defined as “
the activity of travelling in a
canoe” in
CLDO
. From the definition, it can be seen that the definition is a noun phrase since the head of the definition was
activity
. In addition,
activity
is a noun. As explained in the first research problem, the definitions had various
headwords such as
sport, activity,
and
game.
For further information about the headword usage, it could be seen in Appendix A. It would categorize the use of
headword in each definition. However, the researcher found that there was a
similarity in the definition of
equestrian
in
CLDO
and
OALDO
in which the definition is an adjective phrase. The meaning of
equestrian
in
CLDO
was
relating to riding horse.
In the same side,
equestrian
in
OALDO
was
connected
54
with riding horses
. Therefore, the head of
equestrian
was different since it was defined as an adjective phrase.
d. Postmodification
Last, the constituent of the noun phrase is completed with the existence of postmodification. Further, the members of postmodification are called
postmodifiers. The postmodifiers are the elements of a noun phrase that are placed after the head. The postmodifiers consist of four big groups, which are
prepositional phrase, nonfinite clause, relative clause
, and
complementation
. The four kinds of postmodifiers are usually called
major postmodifiers
since they are the postmodifiers which usually appear in a noun phrase. To summarize, the
researcher provides an example for each kind of postmodifier in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 The Examples of Major Postmodifiers Phrase
Postmodifiers Kinds of postmodifiers
The pen on the table
on the table
PP Prepositional Phrase The boy sitting next to me
sitting next to me
NFC nonfinite clause The teachers who guided their
students
who guided
their students
Relative clause His larger house than yours
than yours
Complementation
In
CLDO,
the researcher examined that there were some definitions that were postmodified by the
prepositional phrase
,
relative clause
,
nonfinite clause
, and
adverbial phrase
. In addition, the relative clause dominated the position of the most appeared postmodifiers in the definitions. It occured 13 times in the
definitions of
archery, athletics, basketball, boxing, football, handball, pentathlon, table tennis, tennis, trampoline, triathlon, volleyball, and wrestling
. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55 The postmodifiers were indicated by the use of relative clause
such as
in which,
and
that
to modify the head. On the contrary, the use of prepositional phrase in
CLDO
only appeared eight times in sports, namely
badminton, canoeing, diving, fencing, golf, judo, shooting,
and
weightlifting
. Moreover, the prepositional phrase which existed in the definitions were various such as
for, of, on,
and
from.
Next, the use of nonfinite clause that appeared on the definitions were also various.
Before going deeper, the researcher inferred that the nonfinite clauses was used five times in the definitions. Furthermore, the nonfinite clauses that were used in
the definitions were dominated by –
ed participle
and –
ing participle
. In addition, the postmodifier
adverbial phrase
appeared in
Tae Kwon Do
’s definition. Table 4.7 will demonstrate the examples of postmodifiers that were used in
CLDO.
Table 4.7 The Kinds of Postmodification in
CLDO
No. Sports
Definition Kinds of
constituents Constituents
1. Archery
A sport
in which
you shoot arrows. in which
Relative Clause
athletics The sports
that
include runni ng, jumping, and throwing.
that Relative
Clause 2.
badminton A
sport
for
two or
four people in which
you hit a shuttlecock =alight object with feathers over
a net. for
Prepositional Phrase
canoeing The activity
of
travelling in a canoe.
of Prepositional
Phrase Golf
A game
on
grass where playe rs try to hit a small ball into
a series of
holes using a long, thin stick.
on Prepositional
Phrase Judo
A sport
from
Japan in which two people try to throw each
other to the ground. from
Prepositional Phrase
3. beach
volleyball A form of volleyball
played
on sand by two teams of two players.
played Non finite
clause -ed participle
56
Sailing A sport
using
boats with sail s.
using Non finite
clause -ing participle
4. Tae Kwon
Do A sport originally from
Korea, in
which people fight with arms , legs,
and feet. It
is similar to karate. originally
Adverbial phrase
On the contrary, the result of the postmodification that was used in
OALDO
was different. In fact, the postmodification in
CLDO
was dominated by the use of relative clause. Meanwhile, the use of prepositional phrase was widely
used in
OALDO
. From the analysis, it was noted that the prepositional phrase appeared 13 times. It appeared in
archery, athletics, badminton, canoeing, cycling, diving, fencing, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, Tae Kwon Do
, and
weightlifting
. As Booij 2005 argues that the prepositional phrase is a phrase whose its head is a preposition. Thus, this research revealed that the prepositions
in the definitions were
of, such as,
and
like
. The next postmodification which frequently used after the prepositional
phrase was relative clause. The relative clause was used 10 times which appeared in the definitions of
boxing, gymnastic, handball, judo, pentathlon, tennis, trampoline, triathlon, volleyball
, and
wrestling
. Moreover,
in which
and
that
became the most used relative clause in the definitions. Last, nonfinite clause placed at the last position of postmodification usage
with eight times used. The nonfinite clause modified the definitions of
basketball, beach volleyball, football, golf, hockey, rugby, table tennis
, and
water polo
. Further, the use of nonfinite clause was indicated by the direct use of
–
ed
57
participle
after the head. In order to have better understanding about the analysis, the researcher provides the kinds of the postmodifications in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 The Kinds of Postmodification in
OALDO
Number Sports
Definitions Constituents
Kinds of constituets
1. Archery
The art or sport
of
shooting arrows with a bow.
Prepositional phrases,
Of Athletics
Sports
such as
running and jumping that people compete in
Such as Badminton
A game
like
tennis played by two or four
people, usually
indoors. Players hit a small light kind of
ball, originally with feathers around it = a
shuttlecock across a high net using a racket
Like
2. Basketball
A game
played
by two teams of five players,
using a large ball which players try to
throw into a high net hanging from a ring a
basketball gamecoachteam.
Nonfinite clauses,
Played -ed participle
3. Boxing
A sport
in which
two people
fight each
other with their hands, while wearing very
large thick
gloves called boxing gloves
Relative clauses,
In which
Gymnastic Physical
exercises
that
develop and show the bodys strength
and ability to move and bend easily, often
done as a sport in competitions.
That
58
2. The Patterns of the Definitions
This section presents the second element in building a phrase which is the pattern of a phrase. A noun phrase consists of determinative, premodification,
head, and postmodification. As a result, those components or constituents are combined to generate a phrase, a sentence, and a
clause. Furthermore, O‟Grady et al. 1997 state that “the arrangement of the elements that make a phrase is
regulated by a special type of grammatical mechanism called phrase structure rule” p. 189. In other words, the combination could trigger the rule for general
pattern of a phrase since they share the similar combination. As a result, this section discusses the rules of the definitions which generate the noun phrase.
The general notion to construct a phrase is the combination of specifier, head, and complement. Hence, specifically an analysis of the detail elements or
constituents might be conducted to generate the rules. For instance, the general rule for noun phrase will be illustrated in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.4 The Example of the Rule for A Noun Phrase
The bracketed elements were optional. Thus, this section aimed to break down the rules of the definitions in forms of noun phrases. To make the
discussion well-organized, this part will be categorized into two main categories which based on the dictionary usage.
NP Det + N + PP
59
a. The Patterns of Definitions in
CLDO
In this unit, the researcher would demonstrate how the constituents were arranged that could generate the rules of the definitions. Generally, there were
nine patterns which appeared in
CLDO.
The patterns were as follows.
1 Art + N + PP
This construction was used quite often in
CLDO
. The combination consisted of article, noun head, and prepositional phrase was used eight times in
the definitions of sports. This construction occured in
badminton, canoeing, diving, fencing, golf, judo, shooting,
and
weightlifting
. The example for the construction was in the definition of
shooting
as illustrated in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 The Example of Construction
Art + N + PP
in
CLDO
Sport Definition
Pattern
shooting The sport of firing bullets
from guns, sometimes
to kill animals.
Art N
PP
The sport
of firing bullets from guns,
sometimes to kill animals
In addition, the numbers of the head in the noun phrase might also appear more than one. Interestingly, the researcher located that some of the definitions
with the first pattern also had more than one headword. The head itself was coordinated by the use of conjunctions such as
and
and
or
. Regarding this phenomena, Quirk, et al. 1985 label this phenomenon as
multiple heads
. The multiple heads is the phrase which has more than one headword. Furthermore, the
multiple heads could be identified by the use of conjunctions such as
and, or,
and
but
. In
CLDO
, the multiple heads occured in the definitions of
diving
and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
gymnastic
. The illustration of multiple heads could be seen in the definition of
diving
in Table 4.10. The example also provides how the conjunction connects the headwords in the definition.
Table 4.10 The Example of
Multiple Heads
in
CLDO
Sport Definition
Pattern Art
N Conj
N PP
Diving The activity
or sport of swimming
under water,
usually using
special breathing
equipment. The
activity or
sport of
swimming under
water, usually
using special breathing
equipment.
2 Art + N + RC
The definitions in
CLDO
mostly were dominated by the combination of article, noun, and relative clause. There were 11 sports which used this
construction. They were
archery, basketball, boxing, athletics, football, handball, table tennis, tennis, triathlon, volleyball,
and
wrestling
. Moreover, this pattern was also varied by the relative clauses that were indicated by
in which
and
that.
To simplify the discussion, the example of the definitions may represent the pattern in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 The Pattern
Art + N + RC
in
CLDO
Sport Definition
Pattern Art
N RC
archery A sport in which you shoot arrows.
A sport
in which
you shoot arrows
61
3 Art + N + NFC
This construction was quite rarely used in the definitions. It was found that the construction was used only three times in the definitions of
rugby, sailing,
and
water polo
. The combination of the construction consisted of article, noun, and nonfinite clause. Moreover, Berlage 2014 argues that the nonfinite clauses are
characterized by the use of
to-infinitive
,
ing-participle
, and
-ed participle
. Thus, the noun as the head was followed by the use of one of the three mentioned forms
in this construction. In this case, all of the nonfinite clauses which appeared in
CLDO
were –
ed participle
and –
ing participle
as demonstrated in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12 The Pattern of
Art + N + NFC
in
CLDO
Sports Definition
Pattern Art
N NFC
rugby A sport played by
two teams with an oval ball and H-
shaped goals. A
sport played by
two teams with an oval ball and
H- shaped goals
sailing A sport using boats
with sails. A
sport using boats with sails
4 Art + N + N + NFC
The combination of this pattern was used only once in
CLDO
. It appeared in the definition of
beach volleyball
. The difference of this construction with the other constructions laid on the premodification which modified the head.
Generally, the premodification which comes before the head is an adjective such as
a good book
with the adjective
good
. However, based on the analysis, the premodification which preceded the noun head could be also a noun as illustrated
62 in the definition of
beach volleyball
. An example of this pattern will be demonstrated in Table 4.13.
Table 4.13 The Pattern of
Art + N + N + NFC
in
CLDO
Sport Definition
Pattern Art
N N
NFC
beach volleyball
A form of volleyball played on sand by
two teams of two players.
A form of
volleyball played on sand
by two teams of two players
5 A + N + NFC
The combination of the lexical items consisting of adjective as the premodification, noun as the head, and nonfinite clause as the postmodification
was rarely used in the definitions. As a result, it was used only once in the selected sports
‟ definitions. The pattern was used in the definition of
gymnastic
.
Table 4.14 The Pattern of
A + N + NFC
in
CLDO
Sport Definition
Pattern A
N NFC
Gymnastic Physical exercises and activities
performed inside,
often using
equipment such as bars and ropes, intended to
increase the body‟s strenght and the ability
to move and bend easily.
Physical exercises
and activities
performed inside,
often using
equipment such as bars
and ropes,
intended to
increase the
body‟s strenght
and the ability to
move and
bend easily.
