21 From Figure 2.4, it is clearly noted that the noun phrase can be developed
into a complex phrase. Moreover, the head
headmaster
can be predetermined by
the
as determiner and
wise
as the adjective. Besides, the head
headmaster
can be followed by prepositional phrase as well as relative clause. As a conclusion, the
noun phrase can be enlarged into a more complex phrase. As students of English Language Education Study Program, this matter is
also being studied in
Morpho-syntax
class. The students need to know the construction of the phrases. This is supported by the objective of
Morpho-syntax
class as written on Panduan Akademik Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris 2010 that “students should be able to identify syntactic patterns and explain syntactic
constructions ” p. 51. As a result, in order to break down the structure, the
researcher also demonstrates the constituents of the noun phrase based on Quirk, et al. 1985.
a. Noun Phrase Constituents
Noun phrase has some elements that build it. The parts or the elements that generate the noun phrase are called constituents. In line with this, Radford 1997
argues that the constituents are the structural units in a particular expression. Quirk, et al. 1985 also state that the constituents are a smaller element of a
phrase so that it can be divided. In general, the syntactic structure of the noun phrase is illustrated in Table 2.2 based on Culicover 1982.
22
Table 2.2 The Syntactic Structure of A Noun Phrase NP
DET ADJ
N PP
QUAN ART
NP‟s
As stated previously by Quirk, et al. 1985, the noun phrases might be as complex as sentences. As a result, Quirk, et al. 1985 demonstrate the more
specific constituents for the noun phrases. Further, the constituents of the noun phrase are divided into four main elements. They are the determinative, head,
premodification, and postmodification.
1 Determinative
Determinative is the constituent which specifies a particular noun phrase. The members of the determinative are called determiners. The determiners occur
before the head of the noun phrase. However, they are placed before premodifiers. There are three types of determiners, namely predeterminers, central determiners,
and postdeterminers. Predeterminers are the preceding items of the central determiner, including
zero article. The examples of predeterminers are
all, half
, and
double
. Meanwhile, the central determiners are the determiners which come after the predeterminers
and they are placed before the premodifier and the noun head. The central determiners cover the articles such as
a
,
an
, and
the
, the demonstratives such as
that, this, those,
and
these
, and
some
. Last, postdeterminers are the determiners that follow the predeterminers and central determiners if any and they precede
23 the premodifiers such as an adjective. An instance of postdeterminers is
numeral
such as
many
,
few
, and
several
.
2 Head
Head is one of the constituents in a particular phrase which determines the categories of the whole phrase. Further, Radford 1997 argues that the head is the
key word of the phrases. For instance, in the phrase
students of linguistics,
the phrase
students
acts as the head, meanwhile the phrase
of linguistic
acts as a modifier. From the example, the phrase s
tudents
plays an important role as the noun which determines the kind of the phrase, namely noun phrase. In line with
this, Poole 1999 argues that the head is “the principal element of a phrase” p.
190.
3 Premodification
Premodification stands for the item that precedes the head of the noun phrase, except the determinative. The members of premodification are called
premodifiers. The premodifiers consist of adjective and noun.
Figure 2.5 The Examples of Premodification
4 Postmodification
Postmodification is the item that comes after the head of the noun phrase. The members of the postmodification are called postmodifiers. The postmodifiers
consist of four main parts. They are prepositional phrase, nonfinite clause, relative
i The station
ii The
far
station iii
The
very far
station iv
The
very far gas
station
24 clause, and complementation. To simplify the discussion, the postmodifiers will
be abbreviated into PP for prepositional phrase, NFC for nonfinite clause, RC for relative clause, and Comp for Complementation. The mentioned postmodifiers
belong to major postmodifiers as argued by Quirk, et al. 1985 since they are frequently used in a phrase. As a result, it can be inferred that there is a possibility
for other kinds of postmodifiers such as an adverbial phrase.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research aims to answer two research problems which are how the selected sports in
Rio Olympics
are defined in terms of hyponymy relation with headword and how the sports
‟ definitions are constructed syntactically. In order to answer the research problems, the researcher employs some theories that deal with
semantics and syntax. The first research problem is answered with some theories of semantics, namely word, meaning and semantics, sense relations, hyponymy,
and headword. In addition, the second research problem is answered by employing the theories of syntax and noun phrase.
Words exist to denote a meaning of a particular object. In order to deal with the world around, people should put label on a thing. As a result, hyponymy
may assist in this context. Hyponymy means the relation between meaning in which a particular object becomes the superordinate or hyperonym, meanwhile
the others become the subordinates or hyponyms. For instance, the relation between
fruit
as the superordinate, meanwhile
apple
and
strawberry
are the subordinates
.
Further, it is expected that the word
fruit
comes as the head of the definitions of fruit such as
apple
and
strawberry
. Moreover, the hyponymy PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
