Word, Meaning, and Semantics

15 in the field of identity and inclusion. Cruse 2000 argues that hyponymy is one of the most important structuring relations in which a particular word becomes the superordinate or hyperonym, meanwhile the other words come as the subordinates or hyponyms. Further, Cruse 2000 states that hyponymy exposes the meaning inclusion. In line with this, Chaffin and Glass 1990 also say that hyponymy is a class inclusion. As Nida 1975 argues that there are four types of relations in the meaning of language. They are inclusion, overlapping, complementation, and contiguity. As hyponymy represents the notion of meaning inclusion, meaning inclusion is understood as the meaning of particular thing might be included within other meanings. Equally, Nida 1975 states that “in many instances, the meaning of one word may be said to be included within the meaning of another ” p. 15. For instance, all poodles are dogs and all dogs are animals . Thus, the meaning of poodle can be said to be included in the meaning of dog and the meaning of dog is included in the meaning of animal . As a consequence of meaning inclusion, hyponymy also involves the notion of membership. As argued by Palmer 1981, the inclusion repesents the matter of class membership. Cruse 2000 also demonstrates that the class of the hyperonym includes the class of hyponymy as a subclass from an extensional view. Thus, hyponymy involves the notion of subclass or membership. Winiharti 2010 mentions the example of hyponymy is the relation between flower. The tulip and rose are the hyponyms of flower , while the flower is the hyperonym of tulip and rose . In order to make the discussion easily to be understood, Winiharti PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 2010 also exempiflies a diagram of flower hyponymy as demonstrated in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 The Example of Hyponymy As officially registered in https:www.olympic.orgrio-2016 , Rio Olympics also noted that the sport came as the superordinate of the other sports such as badminton, fencing, and basketball. They are the subordinates. In other words, the sports represent the notion of hyponymy. Thus, it is expected that the word sport becomes the heading of the definitions as illustrated in Figure 2.2.

4. Headword

As this research explores how the definitions of sports are defined in relation with hyponymy, one of the features that explains the hyponymy relation is by identifiying headword as proposed by Huang, et al. 2008. Based on Booij 2005, the headword is a crucial element in a particular syntax. Miller 2002 states that a phrase at least consists of head and modification. On the contrary, Booij 2005 mentions that the minimal element for a phrase is just a head. Nevertheless, the arguments reveal that the headword is a must to be included in a phrase. Flower Orchid Tulip Rose 17 Booij 2005 defines the headword as the syntactic category which determines the kind of the whole phrase. For instance, the noun phrase is a phrase whose head is noun. The phrase the book is a noun phrase. The head of the phrase is book. In line with this, Ydin and Seker 2013 state that “the head is the element in which the complement is reffered or belongs” p. 234. Further, Bauer 2007 also notes that the headword is the most important word since in the phrase red onion, the onion acts as the head and it determines the kind of the whole phrase, namely noun phrase.

5. Syntax

O‟Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba 1997 mention a language involves the system of rules and categories in forming a sentence. Further, it can be implied that the sentence is created by obeying the particular rules or patterns. Hence, the way of language is constructed might be considered as an interesting field to be explored. As a result, the study of rules or patterns in a sentence is discussed further in syntax. Syntax is one of the branches in linguistics which studies how the words are put together to generate a sentence. In line with this, Culicover 1982 also agrees that syntax involves the elements of sentence and a set of rules which words are grouped together. As this research carried out syntactic analysis, thus the meaning of syntactic analysis is required. As argued by Patrut 2012, a syntactic analysis is also known for “the parsing of a string of words that might be seen as a process of searching for a derivatio n tree” p. 131. Therefore, it is