Future Researchers Semantics Hyponymy

12 Since words become the source to describe meanings, the term for a word as source of meaning is called lexeme or lexical item. In line with this, Poole 1999 notes that the lexeme refers to “an item of vocabulary with a single referent whether it consists of one word or more than one word” p. 10. Moreover, the lexical item is deeply studied in semantics. Semantics is one of the branches in linguistics which explores meaning. Being more specific, semantics is divided into two main areas, which are lexical semantics and phrasal semantics as explained by Fromkin 2000. Isti‟anah 2016 argues that lexical semantics covers the meaning of word itself and its relationship with the other words. Meanwhile, phrasal semantics describes the meaning of syntactic element in a larger context than words such as phrases. In this case, as this research deals with the word meanings of sports, thus this research highlights lexical semantics theory. One of the ways to express the lexical meaning is through finding the definition in the dictionary. The dictionary provides the meaning for particular thing in a form of written sentence. In other words, a dictionary denotes the meaning of a thing. As stated by Palmer 1981 that the dictionary characterizes meaning. The dictionary provides the definition by suggesting the words or the phrases to be understood through the „same‟ meaning‟. As a conclusion, meaning could be enhanced trough the existence of words. The words become the source of meaning to understand a language. The meaning itself is studied in semantics. Further, semantics is divided into two main parts, namely lexical and phrasal semantics. Lexical semantics focuses on the 13 word meaning and its relation, meanwhile phrasal semantics concerns about a larger meaning than the word such as phrasal meaning.

2. Sense Relations

Lexical semantics deals with the word meaning and its relation among other meanings. Hence, it can be inferred that the word has a relationship with the other words. This phenomenon in which a meaning has a relationship with the other meanings is called sense relations. The sense relations as proposed by Cruse 2000 are divided into three main areas, namely paradigmatic relation, syntagmatic relation, and derivational relation.

a. Paradigmatic relation

Paradigmatic relation discusses lexical semantics or meaning choices which are suitable at a particular structure of a sentence. Further, the paradigmatic relation involves the word that has the same category. It means that the meaning of a word should be suitable for the empty slot. For example, the category of a particular sentence is food, thus it should be filled with meatball, bread, and cookies . The example of a paradigmatic relation can be seen in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 The Example of Paradigmatic Relation

b. Syntagmatic relation

Syntagmatic relation is the relation between meaning to express a coherence constraint. It explains the items that occur in a same sentence. For I have a glass of ......................... beer orange juice milk milk shake