20 the character’s utterances based on maxims of conversation and speech acts, and
then writing the report.
C. Data Source
The data sources used in this study were the subtitle of the Iron Man movie, particularly the utterances of the five characters. The first character is
Tony Stark. The second is Lt. Colonel James Rhodey Rhodes. The third is Pepper Potts. The fourth character is Obadiah, and the last one is J.A.R.V.I.S.
Those five characters play important roles in the movie. They also experience more emotions and expressions dealings with characters’ utterances itself. For
instance, J.A.R.V.I.S. asked “Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations needed before an actual flight is...” Tony Stark cut and uttered “J.A.R.V.I.S. Sometimes
you got to run before you can walk”, it showed how J.A.R.V.I.S.’ utterances were irrelevantly answered by Tony by implying something else. The writer analyzed
how characters modified their utterances due to the utterances by the other characters.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
There were two instruments used in the study. They were the researcher as the human instrument and Iron Man movie subtitle as the document. Instrument
each of them will be described in the following part.
21
1. The Researcher as Human Instrument
The writer gathered the data in the form of expressions or utterances produced by the characters of Iron Man by watching the movie and reading the
subtitle. The writer also searched for more information from books, journals, and internet regarding the theories. Arikunto 2002 says that “Human instrument is
the only primary instrument that is possibly used to collect the data needed” p. 126. According to Lincoln and Guba 1998 state that human as an instrument in
the research is to underline the very unique role played by qualitative research in their inquiries p. 76. Therefore, it can be concluded that a qualitative research
studies human experiences and situation. After that, the researcher needs to be able to capture the uniqueness of the human instrument.
2. Iron Man Movie Subtitle as the Document
The writer analyzed the document, Iron Man subtitle, to answer the research problems. The analysis result is the narrative description and
interpretation of the characters of Iron Man. As Ary et al. 2002 mention, documents can be personal such as diaries, official such as files, or documents of
popular culture, such as books, etc p. 435. The researcher used the Iron Man subtitle as a document to collect some utterances from the subtitle. In this study,
as mentioned previously, the movie was used to answer the research questions: what are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man
movie? and what are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie? In order to answer the research question, the writer selected certain
22 utterances or expressions dealings with maxims of conversation and speech acts in
the subtitle which were produced by the five characters.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyze the data. Miles and Hubberman 2004 defined analysis as a consisting of three current flows of
activity p. 10. Those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawingverification.
1. Data Reduction
In this step, the writer organized the data for the analysis. In addition, the writer gathered all conversations of the Iron Man’s characters in the script and
observed how they try to convey their messages as well as how they respond to the conversations. The writer classified certain expressions of utterances proposed
by Grice 1989, p. 41, and then listed the data into some categories through a process of coding Creswell 2007.
Table 3.1 Code List Theme
Code Research Problem No.
Maxim of Quality MoQl
1 Maxim of Quantity
MoQn 1
Maxim of Relevance MoR
1 Maxim of Manner
MoM 1
Locutionary L
2 Illocutionary
IL 2
Perlocutionary PL
2 None
- 1 2
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