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2. Speech Acts
Speech acts cannot be separated from the speaker’s intention because the speaker’s utterances in expressing speech acts determine what heshe means.
Searle 2010 states that, speech acts consists of three things, namely act of saying something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone p. 54. In order
to differentiate a kind of speech acts in producing the utterances, Searle determined that speech acts have three terms which explain every detail about
expressing an idea in utterances. The terms are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Acts
In this part, the researcher will explain the theories related to locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The researcher gives further explanation on
the use of these theories.
1 Locutionary Act
Searle 1987 mentions that, “locutionary act is an act contains the way people produce an utterance which has a meaningful sentence semantically and
literally” p. 23. For example, in the utterance “this class is really cold” could be perceived as its literal meaning that the temperature inside is really cold or the
temperature outside is really cold.
2 Illocutionary Act
Curse 2000 states, “Illocutionary acts are the internal to the locutionary act and also an act which performs a locutionary act” p. 332. In the illocutionary
acts the speaker performs the utterances in speaking with the context. The
15 illocutionary act is closely connected to speaker’s intentions. For instance, stating,
requesting, apologizing, complaining and threatening are included in illocutionary act. For instances, “Will you close the door?” could mean that the speaker wants
the listener to close the door and “The room is too dark” could mean that he or she wants the listener to turn on the light because the situation in the room is too dark.
3 Perlocutionary Act
According to Cruse 2000, perlocutionary acts are “the acts performed by means of language, using language as a tool” p. 332. Searle 1987 states that
perlocutionary is also the production of illuctionary acts which contains acts of persuading, embarrassing, intimidating and inspiring the listener. For example,
someone says, “Come on. You can do it” The way a speaker persuades the listener is by speaking to him or her, but the listener or the one that is being
persuaded also needs to do what the speaker is urging.
3. Sociolinguistics
Language possesses various types of context in daily life. This part will elaborate a particular language, especially about the language and society.
Sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics that describes the relation between language and society in social context. This theory will also reveal a fact about
human’s ability in speaking which is described how the factors such as age, gender, and also social class can affect the conversation. Llamas and Stockwell
2009 argue that “societies differ from each other and change over time which shows that language is variable” p. 21. Thus, this theory explains how the
speakers use language in context of a personal or social.
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