subtracting from it, and without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning.
2. Transparency that is the extent to which the translation appears to a native
speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the languages grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic
conventions. A translation meeting the first criterion is said to be a faithful translation
a translation meeting the second criterion is said to be an idiomatic translation. The criteria used to judge the faithfulness of a translation vary according to the
subject, the precision of the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, and its social or historical context.
The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation would appear more straightforward an unidiomatic translation sounds wrong, and in the
extreme case of word for word translations generated by many machine translation systems, often result in patent nonsense.
Nevertheless, in certain contexts a translator may knowingly strive to produce a literal translation. For example, literary translators and translators of
religious works often adhere to the source text as much as possible. To do this they deliberately stretch the boundaries of the target language to produce an
unidiomatic text. Likewise, a literary translator may wish to adopt words or expressions from the source language to provide local color in the translation.
The concepts of fidelity and transparency are looked at differently in recent translation theories. The idea that acceptable translations should be as
creative and original as their source text is gaining momentum in some quarters.
B. Definition of Shift
“Shift is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL”.
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There are four or shifts as Newmark statement. a.
First Shift It is an obligatory transposition and automatic, is caused by the
grammatical structure of the target language. It offers the translator no choice and must make the equivalence in the TL as text below: 1 EnglishSL plural to
Bahasa IndonesiaTL singular, such as: A pair of glasses; sebuah kacamata. 2 Adjective + Noun in English to Noun + Qualifier in Bahasa Indonesia such as:
Beautiful Woman Modifier + Noun; Wanita yang cantik noun + qualifier. b.
Second Shift It is required, as SL grammatical structure is not in the TL text. Here for
instance, always options and they are: 1 In Bahasa Indonesia, the object is not the front of the sentence, but in English, is it the last. For example: We must bring
the book; Buku itu harus kita bawa. 2 In Bahasa Indonesia, the adjective is in the front of the sentence, then followed by the subject, but is it not in English
grammatical structure. For example: I’m confused: Bingung saya. And 3 In
14
Newmark, Peter. Op.cit. p.85.
Bahasa Indonesia, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is unusual in English, except the imperative sentence, for example: Its usage has been
approved; Telah disahkan penggunaannya. c.
The third Shift It is the one where the literal translation is grammatically possible but may
not accord with the natural usage in the TL text, such as: 1 In English, noun or noun phrase becomes verbal in Bahasa Indonesia, for Example: to train
intellectual men for the pursuits of an intellectual life; untuk melatih para intelektual untuk mengejar kehidupan intelektual
. Actually the word “pursuit” to translate in literal translation is “pengejaran”, but it is unnatural usage of formal
i nto the TL, so it becomes “mengejar”. 2. English Noun Phrase with adjective
from verb intransitive become Noun + clause, for example: Thinking person; Orang yang berfikir, and boring lecture; kuliah yang membosankan.
d. The Fourth Shift
It is the replacement of a lexical gap by grammatical structure. For example: He is very pleasant but his wife very arrogant: into Bahasa Indonesia: ia
sangat baik sekali tetapi istrinya sangat sombong. The word sekali is a replacement of a virtual lexical gap in Bahasa Indonesia by grammatical structure.
C. Shift Procedure
According to Syihabuddin this procedure associated with alteration and structural adjustments the structure of the source language to target language.
“A
translator using this procedure when a translator did not found the receiver language structure with different source language structure”.
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For the example: a translator, able to change a compound sentence become a singular sentence,
singular form to plural and vice versa or verbal category become a nominal. Because the procedure very important, this is several example which using
transposition procedure. 1. Wahuwa Ala kulli Shaiin Aliim: Dan dia mengetahui segala sesuatu Al-Anam:
102 2. La yattakhidil muminunal kafiriina Auliya A min dunil muminiina: Janganlah
orang- orang mu’min mengambil orang-orang kafir menjadi wali dengan
meninggalkan orang- orang mu’min. Al Imran: 28
3. Innallaha kana alaikum rokiiba: Sesungguhnya Allah selalu menjaga dan mengawasi kamu An-nisa : 1
4. Wa atul yatamaa amwal lahum: Dan berikanlah kepada anak-anak yatim yang sudah Baligh harta mereka An-nisa : 2
5. Wa atu nisaa shadaqutihinna nahlah: Berikanlah maskawin mahar kepada wanita yang kamu nikahi sebagai pemberian penuh kerelaan An-nisa : 4
In the example above shows that the translators apply the translation procedures are called shift. Between the sentences change a source language from
noun to verb category. In 1 and 3, word alim and Raqib translated become mengetahui and menjaga and mengawasi. Translation changing to reflect source
language in plural form in 2, 4 and become singular form 5, in word Auliya ,
15
Syihabuddin, Teori Penerjemahan Bahasa Arab ke Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung; Proyek Peningkatan Penelitian Pendidikan Tinggi, 2002 p.74.
