d. Lexical synonymy translation by a close TL equivalent
e. Componential analysis some from of componential analysis should
always be preferred to synonymy as provisional translation procedure f.
Transposition the replacement of one grammatical unit by another g.
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of view
h. Compensation when loss of meaning or sound effect or metaphor in
one part of sentence is compensated in another part i.
Cultular Equivalent an approximately translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word
j. Translation label an approximate equivalent, sometime proposed as a
collocation in inverted commas k.
Definition recast as a descriptive noun phrase l.
Paraphrase amplification or free rendering of the meaning of a sentence
10
B. Types of Translation
In this paper, there are two types of translation. Firstly, according to Catford, he divided it into three terms: Extent, Levels, and Rank:
11
1. Extent
Full vs. Partial translation relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the translation process. a In a full translation, the entire text is every
part of the SL text which is replaced by TL text material. b In a partial translation is some part or parts of the SL text are untranslatable, such literal
10
Ibid, p. 90.
11
J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, op cit, p. 21.
translation, because of more complex; and then they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.
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2. Level
Total vs. Restricted translation is related to this term. a Total translation is replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with
consequential replacement of SL phonologygraphology by non-equivalent TL phonologygraphology. b Restricted translation is replacement of SL textual
material by equivalent TL textual material, at only one level.
13
3. Rank
The grammatical units between which translation equivalences are set up may be at any rank, and in a long text the ranks are constantly changing at one
point, the equivalence is sentence to sentence, group to group, or word to word.
14
Secondly, another types of translation, mentioned that Roman Jakobson in his article „On Linguistic Aspects of Translation‟ distinguishes three types of
translation:
15
1. Intralingual translation or rewording an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language.
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.
12
Ibid, p. 21.
13
Ibid, p.22.
14
Ibid, p.24.
15
Susan Basnet, Translation Studies, London: Routledge, 2002, 3
rd
ed, p. 23.
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
C. Process of Translation
