Speech Acts Concept .1 Pragamatics

2.2.3 Illocutionary Acts as A Part of Speech Acts

Illocutionary acts are utterances with some kind of functions in mind. According to Searle 1979, illocutionary acts occur in which the speaker utters a sentence means what he says, but also means something more. For instance the speaker says “I want you to come to the party” by way of requesting hearer to do something. However that was a request made by way of making a statement. When the context theory is introduced to the field of discourse analysis, it needs to be taken to consideration not only the discourse itself, but also the context in which the discourse takes place.

2.2.4 Context of Situation

Halliday 1985 stated that all use of language has a context of situation. An utterance which was uttered in a different context of situation could be interpreted differently. He also stated three elements of context of situation consisting of field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. Field of discourse refers to the on going activity. Tenor of discourse deals with the social relationship enacted in or by the discourse. Meanwhile, mode is associated with how the conversation happens. 2.3 Theoretical Framework 2.3.1 Speech Act Austin 1962 conveyed that speech act is the act of making an utterance in which the speaker is performing a certain kind of acts, such as giving advice, asking questions, making promises, making offers, etc. There was a series of analytical connections appeared in the notion of speech act itself, such as what the speaker means, what the sentence or other linguistic element uttered means, what the speaker intends, what the hearer understands, and what the rules governing the linguistics elements are. Austin’s theory in speech acts, breaks down speech acts into three levels as follows : 1. Locutionary Act . This refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference to have a meaning. Similar to what is found in “is there any salt?”. It performs locutionary act of uttering the interrogatory sentence about the presence of salt. 2. Illocutionary Acts In accordance to theory proposed by Austin, illocutionary act is an act for the performance of which must be made clear to some other person that the act is performed. It is the speaker intention. What is being uttered has a purposed in mind. For example, “is there any salt?” which is intending somebody to hand the speaker the salt. Searle 1979 states there are five types of illocutionary acts ;assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarative. 3. Perlocutionary Acts Perlocutionary acts are acts attributed to the effect of uttering a sentence to achieve certain effects. In relation to the notion of illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts is in the notion of consequence or effect such acts have on the action, thoughts, or beliefs, etc of hearer. Taken as the example “is there any salt?” by which further resulting in somebody to hand the salt that categorized as perlocutionary.