Classification of Illocutionary Acts
which includes attempting by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. For instance “please, bring me the salt”. They may be very modest attempts as when
the speaker invites you to do it or suggest that you do it, or they may be very fierce attempts as when the speaker insists that you do it. Like requests and
commands have the things-to-words direction of fit. There are six kinds of acts belong to this category, such as : ordering, commanding, daring, defying,
challenging, commending. 3. Commissive
Commissive then are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker again in varying degrees to some future course of action. Searle 1979
proposed that there are two main verbs categorized into this class, they are “promise” and “offers” but there are others that belong to promise group like vow,
pledge, etc. the deep structure of commissive acts is the same with the directives acts, like “ I promise to be at home before nine o’clock”. There are four kinds of
acts belong to this category, such as : promising, threatening, intending, vowing to do or o refrain from doing something.
4. Expressive Based on Searle 1979, expressive are those kinds of illocutionary acts
that showing what he speaker feel. They express psychological state and can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow. They can be caused by
something the speaker does or hearer does, but they are about the speaker’s experience. In using expressive, the speaker makes words fit the word of feeling.
There are six kinds of acts belong to this category, such as : thanking, apologizing, congratulating, greetings, wishing, attitudes
5. Declaration It is the defining characteristic of this class that the successful performance
of one of its members brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality, successful performance guarantees that the propositional
content corresponds to the world: if I successfully perform the act of appointing you chairman, then you are chairman; if I successfully perform the act of
nominating you as candidate, then you are a candidate; if I successfully perform the act of declaring a state of war, then war is on; if I successfully perform the act
of marrying you, then you are married. Declarations bring about some alternation in the status or condition of the referred-to object or objects solely in virtue of the
fact that the declaration has been successfully performed as seen in “I hereby pronounce you man and wife”. This feature of declarations distinguishes them
from the other categories. There are six kinds of acts belong to this category, such as : blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing sentence, excommunicating.