Literature Review LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL
to this study is that both focus on classifying utterances into types of illocutionary acts with novel as reference. In addition, Widiarta’s study used theory of speech
act by Searle 1979 and theory of context of situation by Halliday 1989, which are similar to this study. In this study, the influence of the context of situation to
the intended meaning of the speaker was the core, while in Widiarta’s, she focused on how the context of situation rewrite the language used by the
characters in the novel. Widiarta did a great job by explaining the data clearly in accordance to the problem discussed.
Another undergraduate thesis taken as reference is from Widiani 2008. The study discussed about the types of commisives and expressives illocutionary
acts occurred in a play, in which make the study is relevant to be reviewed as it focuses in the same. The study also explained about how the context of situation,
but in different perspective, which is on how it supports the appearance of commissives and expressives illocutionary acts along with the responses given by
the hearer. The data of Widiani’s were collected from a play The Sins of The Motherby Morinelli which is considered to be the difference to this study by
which using a novel as the data source. Some of the theories used in the study are different from this study. Widiani used theory of pragmatics, speech acts,
illocutionary acts, and context of situation by Hymes 1972, while this study is going to use theory of speech acts by Austin 1962, illocutionary acts by Searle
1979 , and theory of context of situation by Halliday 1989. Widiani was able to describe her answers neatly to the problems proposed which makes this study
quite inspirational.
An article entitled “The construction of Away Messages : A Speech Act Analysis” taken from an international journal “Journal of Computer-mediated
Communication 11
th
volume, issue 4, article 7” counts as reference to this study. The article is written by Nastri, Pena, and Hancock in 2006. “All of the writers
were researchers from the department of communication at Cornell University. This article investigated the extent to which the communicative goals were
reflected in the language structure of away messages, by examining the speech acts performs through the production of 483 away messages crafted by 44
participants. The messages were also analyzed for the use of non-standard orthography and humor. The results showed that the messages were constructed
primarily with assertive, followed by expressive and commissive, but rarely directives, confirming that away messages tend to reflect both informational and
entertainment goals. They also took notes that speech acts accomplish different functions simultaneously; they “do things with words” on the illocutionary level
and might also participate in the interaction. As such, speech act analysis could be classified at multiple levels of analysis in the computer mediated discourse
analysis CMDA framework. In the present study, they considered speech acts analysis at the meaning level of CMDA, in that they did not analyze the exchange
of messages but rather the qualities of individual messages. Another article which is included in this study is “The Study about
Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning” by Stephen Barker. It was taken from a journal entitled “Mind”, July 2002 edition. In this study, Barker reviews a book
entitled “Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning” by William P. Alston. He also
gives some explanations, opinions and additions about this book. In his journal, Barker gives opinions that the book is very impressive, clear, vigorously argued,
admirably structured with the conclusion about the nature of meaning which thought formulated 20 odd years ago have retained their freshness, interest, and
relevance for present researchers, not only those working in speech acts theory but also for those denoted to the broader topic of meaning theory. The author’s basic
contention is that the sentence meaning is to be explained as illocutionary act potential. This book is divided into parts. The first part covers the nature of
illocutionary act and the second covers the theory of sentence – meaning as illocutionary act potential. For general, Barer concludes that Alston is not
fundamentally challenge the dominant reference-theoretic approach to meaning. Nevertheless, Alston offers a deeply searching enquiry into the nature of the
sentence meaning and illocutionary acts.
2.2 Concept 2.2.1 Pragamatics
Pragmatics is another board approach to discourse : it deals with three concepts ; meaning, context, communication Schiffrin, 1994 : 190
The scope of pragmatics is so wide. Pragmatics for the linguistic purpose concerns as the study of meaning in relation to speech situation. In other words,
the function of language is related to the social context where the language is operated.
In early 1980, the most common definition of pragmatics were meaning in use or meaning in context Thomas, 1995 : 1. However these definitions are too
general although those are accurate enough and perfectly adequate as a starting point. Thomas views that meaning is not something which is inherent in the words
alone, nor produced by the speaker alone, nor produced by the hearer alone. Making meaning is a dynamic process, involving the negotiation of meaning
between speaker and hearer, the context of utterance physical, social, and linguistic and the meaning potential of utterance
While Levinson 1987 : 9, states that pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized or encoded in the
structure of language.