11 The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for
achievement, strength, adequacy, confidence, independence and freedom. The need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition,
attention, appreciation by others of one’s abilities a feeling of importance. When this need is satisfied, people have feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and
see one as having a purpose in the world. e. Self – actualization Needs
The need of self-actualization emerges after the satisfaction of the physiological, safety, love and belongingness and esteem needs. At the self-
actualization level, person’s behavior is motivated by different condition at the lower levels.
Self-actualization needs refer to the desire for self-fulfillment, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. It values such as
truth, honesty, beauty, goodness and they provide the meaning to the life of self- actualized individual.
2.1.1.4 Beck’s Theory of Motivation
Beck 1978 defines the specific interpersonal attraction into three different principles. Those are affiliation, liking and loving. In the term of
affiliation, Beck states that people want to be with someone for many different reasons, which do not necessarily involve a particular liking for them. The term of
affiliation refers just to associating with others, apart from the question of liking or loving them p. 354.
12 In the term of liking, Beck states that people may prefer to be with some
particular people because they have personal characteristics that give them pleasure. People may be interesting, fulfill some of their needs, or they are just
comfortable with them p. 354. Rubin 1973 also says that there are many kinds of liking as there are reasons for choosing other people, but Rubin defines the
term of liking into two dimensions. Those are affection and respect. Affection is based on interpersonal relations. Respect is based on admirable qualities such as
skills or performance in difficult situations p. 26. The third term of interpersonal attraction is loving. Rubin 1973 defines
love into three elements. Those elements are attachment, caring and intimacy. Attachment means the desire to be in another’s presence, to make physical
contact. Caring means the concern for satisfaction and security of another. Intimacy means the capacity of two people to communicate easily and
confidentially, verbally and nonverbally p. 26
2.1.2 Character and Characterization
Character, according to Abrams 1993 in A Glossary of Literary Terms, is the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the
reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities through dialogue and action. In determining the role of a character, Henkle 1977 divides
characters into two categories. Those are major and minor characters. The major characters are the most important characters in the story. The minor characters are
the other characters that play less important roles in the story in order to help the major characters play their roles in the story.
13 Character and characterization cannot be separated from each other.
Characterization is the way of an author to reveal the characteristics of imaginary persons in the story. It can make the imaginary persons in the story appear to be
like a real person in life. An author can characterize the characters using many ways and means.
Murphy 1972 in his book Understanding Unseen gives explanation on how characters are presented by an author. There are nine ways of how an author
reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the reader. The first way is using personal description p. 161. In this way, the author explains directly to the
readers the physical appearance of the characters. The second way is character as seen by another ibid, p. 162. This way, the author mentions the characters
though the eyes of other characters in the story so that the readers can catch a reflected image of them through the other characters’ eyes. The third way is by
speech ibid, p. 164. In the speech, the author gives the clues of the characters’ personalities to the readers through what the characters say. The fourth way is
using past life ibid, p. 166. This way means letting the readers know something about the characters’ past life so that the author can give the readers some clues to
the characters’ personalities. The fifth way is using conversation of others ibid, p. 167. In the conversation of others, the author makes dialogues about a character
in the story which is spoken by some characters in it. The readers can refer to the conversations to know something about the character.
The sixth way is reactions ibid, p. 168. The author mentions indirectly characters’ personalities by letting the readers know how the characters react to
14 various events or situations. The seventh way is using direct comment ibid, p.
170. The author uses a direct comment to describe the characters. The author seems to judge the characters directly whether the characters are good or bad,
beautiful or ugly and the like. The eighth way is by the thoughts ibid, p. 171. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking
about so that the readers can get knowledge of the personality of the character when they read the description of what the character is thinking about. The last
way is mannerisms ibid, p. 173. In this way, the author describes a character’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may tell the readers something about
the character.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
This research aims to find out the motivation of Kamako as one of the characters in Kawabata’s Snow Country. This research uses the theory of literature
and the theory of motivation. In the literary theories, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization to describe the character of Komako. The way or
means to reveal the character’s personalities are using direct comment, as seen by another character, past life, thought and mannerisms. The theory of motivation is
used to reveal the motivation of Kamako in keeping the relationship with Shimamura in Snow Country.
Vernoy’s theory of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is used to define whether the motivation comes from someone’s
enjoyment or pleasure or not. Murray’s theory of motivation is used to define needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy. Maslow’s and Beck’s theory of
motivation are used to support the needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy.
15
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there are three parts that are discussed. Those parts are object of the research, approach of the research and method of the research.
Object of the research tells about the novel discussed in the research. The approach of the research tells about the approach that is used in analyzing the
novel and why that approach is used. The method of research tells about the procedures in analyzing the novel.
3.1 Object of the Research
The object of this research is Snow Country 1957. This is a novel written by a Japanese author, Yasunari Kawabata. The first edition of this novel was
published in Japanese in 1947 entitled Yukiguni. This research uses the version which was published by Tuttle Publishing in 1957 and translated from Japanese to
English by Edward G. Seidensticker. The novel contains 2 parts and is 175 pages long.
Snow Country tells about the living of geisha in a place that has long and
gray winters. The major characters are Shimamura and Komako. The story starts from Shimamura who has a journey to Snow Country. Shimamura is a wealthy
dilettante. Shimamura has come three times to the Snow Country. The story begins with the second visit of Shimamura to Snow Country. On the second visit,
16 he finds that Komako has been a geisha. At the first visit, Komako was not a
geisha yet, but Shimamura thought that she was a geisha. Komako is the first beautiful geisha he has seen so he thinks that all of the geisha in Snow Country
are beautiful. Shimamura wants Komako to help him find a geisha as beautiful as Komako because both Shimamura and Komako want their relationships to be just
friends so it can last longer. Although Shimamura hopes that they are friends, Komako is falling in love with him at the first visit. Shimamura says that he will
go to Snow Country once a year. Komako said that their relationships were just friends so it could last longer. As time goes by, Komako was also fall in love with
Shimamura. While Komako was busy as geisha, she always tried to spend her time to be with Shimamura.
On the second visit, Komako still remembers about the first time they meet. Komako still wants that Shimamura to be beside her although she knows
that their relationships cannot be more than just friends. On this visit, Komako tells Shimamura about her life and she feels happy. Komako has become a real
geisha on the second visit. As a geisha, she has met many men. She also has relationships with other man. Some of those relationshipss that bother her life
become her burden. Shimamura went back to Tokyo to get his ordinary life. On the third visit, although Komako wants to be more than just friend, she can keep
the promise that she and Shimamura has made at their first meeting. A few times later, he came back to Snow Country and realized that Yoko
who was Komako’s servant made him fell in love. It created conflicts between Shimamura and Komako. Although they had conflicts, Komako hoped that she
17 would be with Shimamura but she knew that she could not. Komako lived her life
and tried to keep the relationships with Shimamura.
3.2 Approach of the Research
The focus of this research was the motivation of Kamako to be a Geisha in Snow Country. This research needed an approach which could be used in
analyzing the problem. There are five kinds of approaches in analyzing literary work. Those approaches are formalist approach, biographical approach,
sociocultural-historical approach,
mythopoeic approach
and psychological
approach. This research used psychological approach because it could help in analyzing human motivation, personality, and behavior which related to
psychology. This research could obtain deeper understanding of the motivation of Komako, who is a geisha, in keeping relationships with Shimamura, who is a
married man using psychological approach. Human motivation is psychology’s concern. Therefore, this research needed psychological approach to answer the
problems formulated.
3.3 Method of the Research
This research was a library research. There were two kinds of sources that were used in analyzing the problems formulated. Those sources were primary and
secondary sources. The primary source was the novel Snow Country 1957 itself by Yasunari Kawabata. The secondary sources were the sources that support the
analysis. There were several books related to the theory of literature and the theory of motivation. This research used library research method in gathering the
18 data. There were four steps in conducting this research in order to answer the
research question. The first step was to read, understand and comprehend the novel. The second step was to determine the approach and theory that would be
applied in analyzing this research. Based on the problem formulation stated, this research used psychological approach. The theories of psychology in this research
were the theory of human motivation and theory of human needs. The third step was analyzing the novel using the theories and approach to answer the research
question. The last step was drawing conclusion from the result of the analysis.
