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2.1.1.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 2000, there are two forms of motivation. Those forms are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action for one’s own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is
not real reward such as money, status, or certificate for their work because the reward is from their heart, feeling satisfaction in doing things well.
Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes
from reward that will be benefit for someone such as money, status or certificate. There is no enjoyment for this motivation because people only do something for
the reward given not for their satisfaction.
2.1.1.2 Murray’s Theory of Motivation
Motivation is defined as internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as internal
factor that moves human beings towards the goal that is to be achieved. Motivation makes human beings keep their efforts and keep them on their goal in
order to prevent from losing the way to achieve the goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific behavior that support them in the process of
achieving their goal. Murray also states that people behave in a particular way. That behavior is
driven by an internal state of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium means that people have a lack of something and it drives them to behave. It also means that there is
8 need in people’s life. Murray defines needs as a potentiality or readiness to
respond in a certain given circumstances. Murray also states that personality is the reflection of behavior controlled by needs. People are dissatisfied and they desire
something. Murray classified human needs into two types:
a. Primary Needs
Primary needs are based on biological demands such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.
b. Secondary Needs
Secondary needs are based on psychological such as the needs of achievement, needs of power, needs of affiliation and needs of intimacy.
a. Needs of Achievement Needs of achievement refers to the desire to do things well, overcome
obstacles and to do things better. b. Needs of Power
Needs of power refers to the desire to have dominance, impact on others, prestige, position, and influence over others.
c. Needs of Affiliation Needs of affiliation refers to the desire to spend time with other people. It is
about social comparison, emotional support, positive simulation and attention from others.
9 d. Needs of Intimacy
Needs of intimacy refers to the desire to experience warm, close and communicative exchanges with another person. It is the desire to merge self
with another. Murray believes that needs can be interrelated, can support other needs
and can conflict with other needs. Murray also believes that stronger needs are expressed more often over time and lead to more intense behavior. Murray states
that personality that is the reflection of the behavior is being driven by the secondary needs. The extent to which each of these needs shapes people’s
personality and behavior.
2.1.1.3 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
Maslow’s book Motivation: Theory and Research develops a theory of motivation that emphasizes on the human needs. Maslow says that human
motivation is based on human needs as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302. He introduces the hierarchy of human needs. He believed that each level on the
hierarchy does not have to be perfectly satisfied. It means that lower needs are partially met, higher needs partially emerge.
The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the lowest level or the first level is physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs
and self-actualization needs as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 302. a. Physiological Needs
The human being’s basic needs are physiological needs. It includes the needs for food, water, sleep, oxygen and sex. This is the lowest need in the
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