Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Murray’s Theory of Motivation

10 Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. If the physiological needs are not adequately met, the needs above them are pushed into the background in controlling behavior. When the physiological needs are adequately met, the needs above them emerge as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior. b. Safety Needs Everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is in danger. Human beings need the security and protection from pain, fear, anxiety and disorder. The peaceful society makes its member feel safe. Safety needs control people’s behavior in the emergency situation. Maslow believed that the safety needs of most adults in our society are usually met. c. Love and Belongingness Needs The need of love is true in the absence of a friend, a wife or children. According to Maslow, love is different from sex. Love in this case is not restricted to romantic love but it includes the feeling of closeness between two good friends. The love requires both the receiving and giving of love, love from another and someone to love. This needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to feel part of a group, or a feeling that one’s belongs. d. Esteem Needs It means needs for positive, high evaluation of oneself. Maslow states that there are two categories of self-esteem. Those are a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. 11 The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, adequacy, confidence, independence and freedom. The need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation by others of one’s abilities a feeling of importance. When this need is satisfied, people have feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and see one as having a purpose in the world. e. Self – actualization Needs The need of self-actualization emerges after the satisfaction of the physiological, safety, love and belongingness and esteem needs. At the self- actualization level, person’s behavior is motivated by different condition at the lower levels. Self-actualization needs refer to the desire for self-fulfillment, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. It values such as truth, honesty, beauty, goodness and they provide the meaning to the life of self- actualized individual.

2.1.1.4 Beck’s Theory of Motivation

Beck 1978 defines the specific interpersonal attraction into three different principles. Those are affiliation, liking and loving. In the term of affiliation, Beck states that people want to be with someone for many different reasons, which do not necessarily involve a particular liking for them. The term of affiliation refers just to associating with others, apart from the question of liking or loving them p. 354.