Research Question Objectives of the Research

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two sub headings. The first is the theoretical review and the second is the criticisms made on the novel by other writers and sources. The theoretical review consists of character and characterization and theory of motivation. The theoretical framework explains the theory that will be used in answering the research question.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

This part consists of theory of literature and theory of motivation. The theory of motivation consists of Murray’s Theory, Maslow’s Theory and Beck’s Theory. The theory of literature consists of the theories of character and characterization.

2.1.1 Psychological Approach

This research only uses psychological approach. The psychological approach uses the knowledge of psychology to understand literary works. This approach can explain various patterns of human behavior that are done by or happened to the characters in a literary work. It means that psychological theories explain about human motivation, personality, behavior patterns that can be used to interpret a literary work. This research uses psychological approach in order to analyze the character’s motivation in keeping relationships in the story more deeply. 7

2.1.1.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 2000, there are two forms of motivation. Those forms are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action for one’s own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is not real reward such as money, status, or certificate for their work because the reward is from their heart, feeling satisfaction in doing things well. Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward that will be benefit for someone such as money, status or certificate. There is no enjoyment for this motivation because people only do something for the reward given not for their satisfaction.

2.1.1.2 Murray’s Theory of Motivation

Motivation is defined as internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior. Motivation is seen as internal factor that moves human beings towards the goal that is to be achieved. Motivation makes human beings keep their efforts and keep them on their goal in order to prevent from losing the way to achieve the goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a specific behavior that support them in the process of achieving their goal. Murray also states that people behave in a particular way. That behavior is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium means that people have a lack of something and it drives them to behave. It also means that there is