C. Techniques of Data Collection
The researcher undertook some steps during the data collection: watching the videos of the speeches, finding their transcripts, making data
sheets, and categorising. The researcher collected documents to do an in- depth learning process and interpretations from the researcher. This
technique of collecting data was a non-interactive technique because it did not involve the researcher interacting with subjects who were being
studied. The steps that the researcher took while collecting the data collection were:
1. retrieving the videos of the speeches which will be the source of the
data from
http:www.youtube.comwatch?v=7r4e5Wg4PDI and
http:www.c-spanvideo.orgprogramHousePray ;
2. retrieving the two apology speeches‘ transcripts from
http:www.historyplace.comspeechesclinton.htm and
http:www.historyplace.comspeechesclinton-sin.htm ;
3. watching and re-watching the video to find the relevant data;
4. identifying the words, phrases, utterances, or discourse in the interview
with a support of the transcript; 5.
recording the data into the data sheet; and 6.
analysing the data.
D. Techniques of Data Analysis
The data analysis in this reseach was divided into several steps:
1. identifying the speech and selecting it as data after watching and
rewatching the video comprehensively; 2.
classifying the data into raw data that further it was categorised based on the data sheets provided;
3. classifying the kinds of speech acts in the speech video based on
Searle‘s; 4.
analysing context of situations involved and explaining the arrangements of classical rhetoric in the two apology speeches of
President Clinton on Lewinsky scandal; and 5.
drawing conclusions after making the written report of the analysis.
E. Data Trustworthiness
Moleong 2007:173 asserts that the criteria to check the data include credibility, deendability, conformability and transferability. This research
was principally using credibility, dependability and conformability as to check the trustwothiness of the data. To deal with credibility of the data,
the researcher presented deep and detail information of the data so that the data could be considered credible. While to check on dependability, the
researcher read and re-read the data, examined the process of data collection and data analysis by matching the research questions with the
results of data collection. In conformability, the researcher aimed to measure whether the data findings and its interpretation were truly based on
the obtained data. The researcher also used a triangulation technique to
achieve the conformability by consulting the data to students of linguistics in English Education Department, also to other major lecturers. Also, the
researcher consulted the data with some articles, journals, books, peer reviewers, and other sourcesresearchers which were relevant to the study.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two sections. Those are research findings and discussion. The findings section provides the data findings of the kinds of speech
acts in terms of illocutionary acts presented in President Clinton‘s apology
speeches I Misled and I Have Sinned and the data findings of the arrangement of President Clinton‘s rhetoric speech which picturise American Social Issues in
1993-2001. After that, the data findings are discussed deeply in the discussion section. The discussion section breaks down the data findings into details and
more elaboration on the speech acts itself.
A. Findings
1. The data findings of the kinds of speech acts in terms of illocutionary
acts presented in President Clinton’s apology speeches I Misled and I Have Sinned.
The first data findings are related to the kinds of speech acts in terms of illocutionary acts presented in President Clinton‘s apology speeches I
Misled and I Have Sinned
. Searle‘s classification of speech acts in terms of illocutionary acts consist of five categories. They are representatives,
directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. The researcher found 4 kinds of speech acts for each script of President
Clinton‘s apology speech, i.e. representatives, directives, commisives, and expressives. Those are
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