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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of learning
Learning language theory lies within behaviourism. The belief is that learning is a question of habit information. The behaviourist
beliefs that when a new habit was learned then the old one would have some effect on the learning process.
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While language learning theory usually assumes from a baby learns mother tongue. For instance when a
baby starts to utter ―mama‖ at the same time she will develop the ability to utter similar words such as ―mamam‖ or ―emam‖.
In education world, a learning not only happen in the classroom hence the term teaching and learning is often to describe teaching and
teaching strategies, this situation brings learning separated from teaching, although learning is part of teaching, many prevalent views of
learning stated that it is a passive process of knowledge acquisition, with predictable and measurable outcome.
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Watkins assumes that the passive process as a brain process which gain new experience from
surrounding. According the writer’s opinion it is called passive since no physical activity, it related to brain
activity, this brain activity called learning process. While ―predictable‖
outcome means the result of learning is predicted whether successful or not successful.
―It is measurable‖ means the result could measure by passed or did not passed, usually there is passing grade to judge
student’s success. Watkins perception contradicts with Abbot perception, he
stated: 1.
learning is an active process of relating new meaning to existing meaning, involving the accommodation and assimilation of
ideas, skills, thought and so on.
1
Johnson Keith, An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching, UK: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 66.
2
Watkins, at al. Learning about Learning, USA: Routledge, 2005, p. 5.
11 2.
A process influenced by the use to which the learning might be put.
3. The connection between past, present and future. These may not
always made in linear fashion: unlearning and relearning play this part.
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Abbot stated that learning is an active process; hence it is not just connected to physical activity such as imitating, summarizing,
exploring but also relating new meaning to existing meaning which involving the assimilation of idea, skills, thought etcetera those activity
are clearly active activity which involve physical and brain activity. Learning is also a process influenced by the use which learning might
be occur, the application of the learning is the best part of the learning which connect the theory and practice. Learning is also related to past
knowledge, present knowledge, or future knowledge. For example in
learning multiplication, students’ adequate knowledge in previous lesson is related to their knowledge in addition. Since addition is
relat ed to multiplication, therefore students’ ability in addition helpful
for their learning in multiplication. Based on the theories above, the writer agrees with both perception, since these perceptions has same
understanding even though they stated it in the different ways.
The term learning sometimes stand equally with studying, according to Farlex
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. The term ―studying‖ is reading carefully with
intent to remember, while in English Language dictionary studying is to apply one’s mind purposefully to the acquisition of knowledge or
understanding of a subject, it is also to take a course of school, to read, to memorize, to inquire, to examine etcetera
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. It also stated that studying is application of the mind to the acquisition of the knowledge,
3
Abbot, J. Learning Makes Sense. Re-creating Education for a Changing Future, USA: Letchworth, 2001, p. 34.
4
Farlex, Word.Net 3.0 Clipart collection. Princeton University, Farlex Inc., 2012
5
Houghton, Dictionary of English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009
12 as by reading, investigation, or reflection
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. While the term learning as stated above is active and passive process of relating new meaning.
Learning is also a process influenced by the use to which the learning might be put. It is also a brain process in order to get new experience
from surrounding.
From the definition above, it concludes that studying is an activity that have done on purpose, it has a goal to remember, to apply
something, to take a course, to read, to acquire etcetera. The three term of studying are kinds of activities in learning. From this explanation it
concludes that studying is under the flag of learning, studying is one of activity in learning, the term studying is narrower than learning, the
term process in learning could be studying therefore the term learning is broader than studying.
B. Factors Effecting Learning
According to Sadker Sadker stated three points of factors affecting on student’s individual learning style:
1. Cognitive. cognitive information processing. Individuals have different ways of perceiving, organizing, and retaining
information, all components of the cognitive domain. In other words some students prefer to learn by reading and looking at material, while
others need to listen and hear information spoken aloud, still others best learn kinesthetically, by whole body movement and participation.
2. Affective attitudes. Individuals bring different levels of motivation to learning, and the intensity level of this motivation is a
critical determinant of learning style. Other aspect of the affective domain includes attitudes, values, and emotions, factors that influence
curiousity, the ability to tolerate and overcome frustration, and the willingness to take risk.
3. Physiology . It is related with student’s physical or condition,
clearly a student who is hungry and tired will not learn as effectively as a well-nourished and rested child. Others factors related to this
physiological factor such as different body rhythm cause some students
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Collin son, William Collins English Dictionary, Complete and Unabridged
10
th
edition, William Collins son Co. Ltd, 2009
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