E. Analitical Construct
Islam and The Muslim world in
19
th
to 21
st
Century
Ignatius, His works, and
His Mind about Islam
and The Muslim world
Novel Ignatius’ Body of Lies
discourses: words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences
RQ 1: How The Western
construction of Islam and the Muslim World works
as a tool of hegemony RQ2:
What are the effects of the construction in the novel
Postcolonialism
Eurocentrism
Orientalism Orient
Occident
The proses of Orientalizing the
Oriental The concept of
power and knowledge
Figure 1: Analytical Construct
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Approach
This research was a qualitative research. According to Creswell 2009: 4, qualitative research is an inquiry process of exploring and understanding the
meaning indiviuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The researcher conducts the research by emerging questions and procedures, collects
the data and interprets the meaning, builds a complex and holistic view of a situation, and reports detail information without manipulating the data.
This research used a descriptive-qualitative method to analyze the data because the data of this research were nonnumeric. Moleong 2010: 11 states that
the data of descriptive-qualitative method are in the form of words, pictures, and not in numbers. The data are used to describe Western construction toward Islam
and the Muslim world seen from the discourses produced by Americans and Middle Eastern Muslims characters. Thus, the description of the data helps the
researcher to present and explore the complexity of the research. In addition, it can also engage the readers to understand the research.
B. Data Type
Data are a collection of information that will be used in the research Given, 2008: 185. In qualitative research, data are usually in the form of
nonnumeric data taken from a variety in sources. Since this research applied qualitative approach, the data were in the form of language features such as
words, phrases, clauses and sentences expressed in Ignatius’ Body of Lies and related to 1 the western construction of Islam and the Muslim world as a way of
hegemony and 2 the effects of the construction in the novel.
C. Data Source
The main source of this research is Body of Lies, a novel written by David Ignatius in 2007 which was first published in New York and London by W.W.
Norton Company. The novel consists of 37 chapters and 406 pages. Some supporting references and information were used to analyze the
data. The supporting data of this research were from books and websites on the Internet. To analyze the work, the researcher used the theory of Orientalism from
Edward Said’s Orientalism 1978 supported by The Post-Colonial Studies Reader
Ashcroft, Griffiths, andTiffin: 1995, Marxism, Modernity and
Postcolonial Studies Bartolovich and Lazarus:2004, Key Concept in Post- Colonial Studies Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin: 1998, The Cambridge
Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies Lazarus: 2004, and Dangerous Liasons: Gender, Nation, Postcolonial Perspectives McClintock, Mufti and
Shohat: 1997. Some additional books on the description of western view toward Islam
and the Muslim world are also used to support the comprehensiveness of the background analysis. The books are The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam
in Western Thought Quinn: 2008, Islam in the British Broadsheets: The Impact of Orientalism on Representations of Islam in the British Press Elgamri: 2008,
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences Hamid: 2004, The Eastern Origins
of Western Civiliation Hobson: 2004, The Judgment Against Imperialism, Fascism And Racism Against Caliphate And Islam: Volume 1 Mowla: 2008, A
Companion to the History of the Middle East Choueiri: 2005, and Discourse Mills: 1997. Besides, to help understand Ignatius’ work, the researcher used
some articles on the Internet which provides information about Ignatius and his social background which describes or affects his way of writing and producing
literary works.
D. Data Collection
There are four steps in the process of collecting data: reading, note taking, interpreting, and categorizing. Basically, reading and note taking are the most
important ways in data collecting technique. In this research, the researcher first read Ignatius’ Body of Lies. In order to get the clear understanding of the content
of the text, the researcher had to perform the careful and comprehensive reading. Second, the researcher collected the data by making simple notes or rewriting
them in the form of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences related to the topic. Third, the researcher read carefully the data in order to have the clear
interpretation. The last step, the data then are categorized into the units in line with the topic of the discussion.
During the process of the data collection, the researcher used a particular form of data sheet to easily see the progress of her
research. The form of data sheet is presented in the figure below:
Kategori