7 to indicate all the actors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem and
third, to list all the possible translation procedures, plus the appropriate translation.” Besides those, translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the
problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming into a decision in fact
translating or translation process is a matter of making decisions. Because doing the translation needs grammatical rules, it is a science.
Louis Kelly 1979 as quoted by Venuti 2000:4 argues, “a complete theory of translation has three components: specification of function and goal; description; and
analysis of operations.” On the other hand Venuti 2000:5 says, “translation theory always rests on particular assumption about language use, even if they are no more
than fragmentary hypothesis that remain implicit or unacknowledged.”
2.1.1 Definition of Translation
There are so many definitions of translation suggested by experts. In this part, the writer discusses two of them, both may be different as many experts expresses
their own thought or idea about the definition of translation. Newmark 1988: 28 in his book “A Textbook of Translation” says
“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Newmark says that translation is the way to find the
equivalence meaning from source text into target text. Thus we may say that we reconstructing or reproducing the meaning inside the source language text into the
form of target language text. Simatupang 2000: 2 in his book Pengantar Teori Terjemahan states
“Menerjemah adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke
8 dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran
dengan bentuk-bentuk sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran”. Translation tries to transfer the meaning in Source Language to
Target Language in a form that fit with the rules of target language. From definitions above, translation is a task that deals with two different
languages. The first is source language SL, the language is about to translate, the second is target language TL, the form of language that become target. Translation
is the process of transferring the meaning from the source language into the target language.
2.1.2 Definition of Audiovisual Translation
Audiovisual translation is a “branch of translation studies concerned with the transfer of multimodal and multimedial texts into another language andor culture”
Gonzalez, 2009:13. This specific branch deals with various multimedial texts, with movies being one of these mediums. Globalization and technology breakthroughs
have resulted in the mass distribution of movies, documentaries, music, TV series, and other forms of media among people of different languages and cultures Cintas
Anderman, 2009:2. Different approaches were adopted during the transfer process, and one of these approaches is subtiling, where “They subtitlers present
their translated rendition of whatever is spoken at the precise moment when it is said, and any viewer with a grasp of the original language is able to make an instant
connection” Skuggevik, 2009:197. Gambier as cited in Munday, 2008:184– 185 lists these approaches as follows: interlingual subtitling, bilingual subtitling,
intralingual subtitling, dubbing, voice-over, surtitling, and audio description. Interlingual subtitling is available for the cinema and video in two options, either
9 “open,” i.e. they cannot be removed from the audiovisual material, or “closed,”
meaning the audience has the opt ion of seeing them or not . Bilingual subtitling is available in countries like Belgium, where the subtitles in two TL versions appear
simultaneously on the screen. Intralingual subtitling is for the hard of hearing. Dubbing, which covers both lip-synchronization and lip-sync, is when the SL
voicetrack is replaced by a TL voice-track. Surtitling consists of subtitles thatappear above the stage at theatres or operas. Whereas, audio descript ion is mainly an
intralingual commentary on the accompanying act ion in film or on stage. The reasons for each of these approaches are various, ranging from economic
grounds to political motives and others Ariza, 2004.
2.1.3 Subtitling
