Types of Code Switching and Components of Language in Code Mixing

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CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 Data Description

After the writer is done the research, there are some conversations analyze in this chapter. The analysis is focus in the conversations which are contain code switching and code mixing used by students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara. From 18 conversations recorded, the writer only chooses seven conversations to be analized, because the writer does not found language choice used by the students in the rest of 11 conversations. The students come from class of 2011 and 2014. From 10 students who attend the recording during April 14 until 27 2015, the writer takes only five students as the informan, they are three males and two females, because those students actually they are who allows their conversation is recorded and they are valuable in using code switching and code mixing during the conversations. The data description presenting in this chapter is the analysis of type of code switching, the components of language in code mixing and the reasons why the students of Department of English use the codes. The writer uses the theory in chapter II to analize the data. One thing that should be noticed that the students use Bahasa Indonesia as the base language and English as the second language. In every subtitle, the expressions that contain code switching and code mixing that are suitable with the subtitle are printed in boldface.

4.1.1 Types of Code Switching and Components of Language in Code Mixing

24 Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 1 Dialogue 1 Line 1. Disini ada wifi? Line 2. Ada sih, tapi di-log. Aku pernah nyoba tapi di-log. Mungkin lagi off. Line 3. Ooo soalnya aku mau invite bbm-mu. Description: From the conversation above, the speakers are asking and answering one another about the wireless connection in the canteen. They mix their languange by using the term in internet connection such as “wifi”, “log”, “off” and “invite”. The speakers actually do not realize that they mix their language by using English while they are speaking in Bahasa Indonesia. This case is classified into code mixing of word, because the speakers insert the smalest unit of language word. Dialogue 2 Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh. Description: In line 6, one of the speaker inform the others about a party and he switches his language into English by saying “rap party” to explain what kind of party. According to Bloomfield and Gumpers in Jendra, 2010:76, when a word, a phrase or a clause in different language is found within the sentence in a base language, it is classified into intra-sentential code switching. Dialogue 3 25 Line 6. Ehh kabarnya di ini ada rap party loh.. Line 7. Hah rap party? Line 8. Iya, iya Description: From the conversation above, we can see that the speaker in line 7 is doing situational code switching, because there is a change in the situation when the speaker in line 6 says something about party then the speaker in line 7 deliberately changes his utterance into English. This is also influence by norm of interaction because the speaker in line 7 is interruped the speaker in line 6. Dialogue 4 Line 9. Itu, itu ada nggak raper-rapernya gitu..? Description: This line shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts the smallest unit of language in English “rapper”, which is uttered in form of Bahasa Indonesia. The speaker uses “raper-raper” actually to explain the word “rapers” many raper. Dialogue 5 Line 10. Ada, ada.. Itu dia aliran musiknya electronic band. Description: At the beginning of the sentence, the student uses Bahasa Indonesia then he switches into English by using words “electronic band” at the end of his utterance. According to Bloomfield and Gumpers in Jendra, 2010:76, this case is classified into intra- 26 sentential code switching, because there is a phrase from different language found within the sentence. Dialogue 6 Line 11. Hemm gimana yaa.. mungkin excited juga kalo mau ngikut gitu, tapi ya kalo full harga tiket kalo kita mau booking itu kemana? Description: In this line, the student inserts some words from English such as “excited”, “full” and “booking” in one sentence. This case is clearly classified into code mixing of word. Dialogue 7 Line 12. Dia ada free sale dan on the spot-nya. Beda-beda harganya, tapi aku lupa. Description: This line is classified into code mixing of phrase, because there are two phrases uttered in English mixed with Bahasa Indonesia, they are “free sale” and “on the spot”. Dialogue 7 Line 13. Ooo itu kapan itu deadline-nya? Description: In this line, the student is doing code mixing of word by inserting word “deadline” in his utterance. Dialogue 8 27 Line 16. Cut cut cut... Description: This line shows an English word “cut” and repeated three times by the speaker. This situation happens because one of the speaker wants to say “stop” to the writer while the recording was on going. This case belongs to code mixing of phrase. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 2 Dialogue 1 Line 12. Iya, sir Rahmat juga Line 13. Pak Rahmat? Description: The example above shows a case of code switching process. The speaker switch the code from Bahasa Indonesia to English by saying “sir” rather than “pak” when he address someone. In conclution, this case belongs to intra-sentential code switching, because there is a word from another language found in one sentence. Dialogue 2 Line 13. Pak Rahmat? Line 14. Iya, poetry kan.. Description: From the conversation above, the speaker in line 14 deliberately change the code being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English by saying “poetry” rather than “puisi”. The word “poetry” is actually one of the subject in Department of English. This case is classified into code mixing of word. 28 Dialogue 3 Line 14. Iya, poetry kan.. Line 15. Poetry? Description: The speaker in line 15 repeat what the speaker in line 14 just said. He also uses English. This kind of mixing called code mixing of word. Dialogue 4 Line 17. Ehh brossur ada gak? Line 18. Hah, brosur? Line 19. Iya. Karna yang diliat nanti dia lebih ke Anniversary. Description: The conversation above is showing code mixing of word, because the speaker in line 17 and 19 insert words from different language “brossur” and “anniversary” in the sentences. Dialogue 5 Line 21. Abang, abang kan ngajar kan? Apai lah adek-adek abang ni dulu. Line 22. Iya, iya agak diapai lah invite, invite. Description: In this conversation, the speaker inserts a word “invite”. He deliberately change the code being used, from Bahasa Indonesia into English, so this is classified into code mixing of word. 29 Dialogue 6 Line 23. Ahh apa pula.. kalian pernak-pernik segala macam gak ada Line 24. Ada Line 25. Ada.. Lunch ada.. Line 26. Ehh bukan itu. Flying poster, brossur segala macam nggak ada nampak. Description: In this conversation, the students also insert a word in different language. It shows in line 25 and line 26. It is classified into code mixing of word. Dialogue 7 Line 28. Ehh itu empat puluh lima ribu ada free lunch, ada souvenir, snack. Description: This statement above shows case of intra-sentential code switching, because the speaker uttered another code within the sentence. Dialogue 8 Line 32. Ini, apa, lucky draw Line 33. Lucky draw? Belom tau hehe Line 34. Kami sih rencananya kalo bisa TOEFL test ini Line 35. Iya, lucky draw TOEFL gitu. Misalnya siapa yang beruntung kan dapet gratis TOEFL test. Description: From the conversation above, the speakers insert so many words from different language. They are all classified into code mixing of phrase, because all of them are groups of words phrase uttered in English. 30 Dialogue 9 Line 37. Coba lah abang invite, kasih ke murid abang. Description: This line shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts word “invite” while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia. Dialogue 10 Line 40. Macam itu, kalian berkumpuuul, betarikat, awak pun takut lewatnya ya kan. Line 41. Tah ngapain takut, kan abang yang OEP kami, Oral English Practice. Description: In line 41, one of the speaker says an acronym, OEP in English, which is stand for Oral English Practice, but the acronym is not classified into any type of codes because there is no explaination about acronym. “Oral English Practice” itself is classified into intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase of foreign language found within the sentence in a base language. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 3 Dialogue 1 Line 3. Abang masih ngajar di bimbel? Line 4. Ehh apa nggak ada kerjaan buat kami berdua? Part time, part time. Description: Dialogue above is about part time job. In line 4, the speaker uses Bahasa Indonesia at the beginning of the sentence, then he switches the code into another one by saying “part time” at the end. According to Bloomfield and Gumperz in Jendra, 2010:76, 31 this case belongs to intra-sentential code switching, because there is a phrase “part time” in foreign languge uttered within the sentence. Dialogue 2 Line 7. Part time aja lah, nggak usah full time. Line 8. Ya memang part time. Description: The speakers in line 7 and 8 also use phrase “part time” but in this case, the phrase is classified into code mixing of phrase, because the speakers mix their language by inserting phrases in English. Dialogue 3 Line 9. Ehh ini udah recording hahahaha Description: This line clearly shows code mixing of word, because the student inserts a word from different language in his utterance. Dialogue 4 Line 11. Iya, pas bilang part time. Line 12. Cepat lah bang, cariin kerja part time bang. Description: From the conversation above, the speakers also do code mixing process. This kind of code mixing belongs to code mixing of phrase, because the speaker mix their language by saying “part time” rather than “paruh waktu”. 32 Dialogue 5 Line 13. Jadi kalian genre-nya apa? Description: This line also shows code mixing of word. Dialogue 6 Line 22. Per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu. Line 23. Per hari? Line 24. Per part time, per part time-nya itu empat puluh ribu. Description: Line 22 and 24 begin with the phrase “per part time” uttered in English then followed by Bahasa Indonesia at the end of sentences. This case is classified into intra- sentential code switching. Dialogue 7 Line 27. Tapi enak bang, sehari empat puluh ribu kita dapet satu paket gratis. Kan lumayan, Starbucks dapat satu cup gratis yang harga lima puluh, enam puluh. Description: From the conversation above, the speaker mixes Bahasa Indonesia with English by using a word “cup” rather than “cangkir”. This process is called code mixing of word. 33 Dialogue 8 Line 33. Jauh kali ya. Langsung down levelnya Description: In this line, the speaker uses two words in English, “down” and “level” while the base language is Bahasa Indonesia. This case is called code mixing of word. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 4 Dialogue 1 Line 3. Dari internet. Line 4. Itu, yang kemaren kan pas meeting kalian hubungi bang Ijal juga kan? Bang Ijal pun dia kayak gitu, dia kerja. Description: From the conversation above, both lines contain code mixing of word, because while the speakers basically speaks in Bahasa Indonesia, they insert a word in English. Dialogue 2 Line 9. Kemaren dia ke airport kan, mau kerja di situ. Kan disuruh tunggu. Mau dipanggil pagi-pagi udah pake rapi kan, nggak iya ini. Pas mau dipanggil namanya, pigi dia. Description: The example above also shows code mixing of word, because the speaker inserts word “airport” rather than “bendara”. 34 Dialogue 3 Line 11. Jadi sekarang dimana? Katanya nggak bisa Line, nggak bisa Path Description: In this line, the speaker is using special terms, the term in social media such as “line” and “path”. So, this line also belongs to code mixing of word. Dialogue 4 Line 12. Handphode? Line 13. Mati layarnya. Rusak. Line 14. Oya? Line 15. Diidupin sih bisa. Tapi keypad-nya yang dibawah ini, kurang. Yang ininya bisa, diginiin bisa. Buat ngetik bisa, asalkan jangan tersentuh yang ini, nggak bisa. Bbm-ku pun udah nggak aktif lagi. Line 16. Path kan masih? Description: The conversation above shows the code mixing of word. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 5 In this part generally, code mixing of word is mostly found in the utterences, because the speakers is talking about the differances of “trekking”, “hiking” and “climbing” during the conversation while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia as base language. They use those three English words because they want to know what the differences are. So, the writer will write down the lines which are contain code mixing of word. Line 1. Kalo trekking di hutan kan? Line 2. Nggak, kalo trekking nggak selamanya di hutan. Line 4. Apa lah bedanya hiking sama climbing? Line 5. Kalo climbing bang? Line 8. Eh, kalo climbing itu.. 35 Line 12. Kalo hiking? Line 13. Kalo trekking? Line 14. Trekking di hutan, hiking di gunung, climbing di tebing. Line 15. Aaa trekking, trekking.. Line 16. Trekking di youtube hahaha di club la di club. Line 21. Dia ini follower, follower paling update. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 6 Dialogue 1 Line 1. Ihh pening kali loo.. Line 2. Kenapa? Line 3. Listening kan? Kenapa? Description: The dialogue above happens in canteen after the students done the class. One of the speaker says that she is feeling unwell as the effect joining the last class by saying “ihh pening kali loo” to the others. Then another speaker answers her statement by switching the code and he also change the topic by saying “listening kan?” So this kind of dialogue is classified into metaphorical code switching. Dialogue 2 Line 21. Kami ujian sama Mam Redita. Line 22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang ganjil duluan baru yang genap. Description: The dialogue above shows code switching process, because both of the speakers switch the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”, so it is classified into intra- sentential code switching. 36 Dialogue 3 Line 42. Aku ada filenya tapi di internet, aku nggak ada paket internet. Di email, di email. Description: From the conversation above, we can see there are so many words from another language used by the speaker. Those words are the term in internet using, such as “file” and “email” include “internet” itself. So, this utterance is belongs to code mixing of word. Dialogue 4 Line 51. Apa, dari yahoo? Description: This line also belongs to code mixing of word, because this dialogue is still containing term of internet using, that is “yahoo” and uttered within Bahasa Indonesia. Dialogue 5 Line 52. Biar sambil refreshing. Description: Bloomfield and Gumperz states in Jendra 2010:76, when a word, a phrase or a clause from foreign language is found within the sentence, it is called intra-sentential code switching. In this case, the speaker deliberately change the code by saying “refreshing” rather than “jalan-jalan” while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia. So, this line is classified into intra-sentential code switching. 37 Dialogue 6 Line 57. Ngomong aja, ngomong aja. Line 58. Supaya apa? Line 59. Mixing mixing pake English. Description: This example of conversation is classifed into metaphorical code switching, because the speaker in line 59 does not response what the speaker in line 58 say. There is a change of the topic of the conversation in this dialogue. Dialogue 7 Line 60. Udah natural aja. Ngomong nggak udah ada batasan. Description: From the dialogue above, line 60 is classified into code mixing of word. It bacause the speaker insert a word from another language while he speaks in Bahasa Indonesia. Dialogue 8 Line 66. Tadi kami belajar sama Mam Redit, nih. Description: From the example above, the speaker switches the code by saying a English words “mam” to address someone rather than “ibu”, so this is classified into intra- sentential code switching. 38 Dialogue 9 Line 71. Pokoknya jangan kasih Mam Redita aja la ya kan. Line 72. Oh, Mam Redita. Line 73. Ooooh Mam Redita. Line 74. Ini cerita misteri, cerita misteri? Line 75. Psycho, Psycho Psycholinguistic, a subject tapi Mam Redita yang ngawas. Description: Dialogue above is also classified into intra-sentential code switching. Dialogue 10 Line 76. Ya pernah laa, dia udah stambuk berapa. Line 77. Udah dibully pun. Description: In this dialogue, line 77 shows us a word from different language. This case belongs to code mixing of word. It because the speaker mixes his language by inserting the code from English. Code Switching and Code Mixing Found in Conversation 7 Dialogue 1 Line 1. Urus laa, daripada deadline kan besok kan, daripada nunggu-nunggu dia kan ngasih tugas, aku kerjain sendiri la. Kadang nggak sempat, ah bisanya ini, gitu lah. Description: 39 From the conversation above, the speaker inserts a word from English “deadline” within his utterance in Bahasa Indonesia. This case could be classified into code mixing of word. Dialogue 2 Line 3. Kena sama dia. “Oh kamu sekolah mana?”, “Ini Mam, Persit”, “oh, tentara ya, saya nggak takut tentara, bapak saya tentara,” Description: The speaker in line 3 is retelling his friends the conversation between he and the lecturer. He inserts a word “mam” in the sentence, so this example belongs to code mixing of word. Dialogue 3 Line 9. Ehh berati kelen udah masuk sama Mam itu? Description: This line is classified into intra-sentential code switching. The speaker deliberately change the code by saying “mam” rather than “ibu”. Dialogue 4 Line 15. Ehh nggak apa-apa kan? Line 16. Nggak apa-apa, natural aja. Description: 40 From the dialogue above, we can see that the speaker in line 15 is asking her friend. He response the question without changing the topic but then he switches the code by saying “natural”. This kind of dialogue belongs to intra-sentential code switching. Dialogue 5 Line 28. Error, error. Hahahaha Line 29. Eh aku kan megang hp ini. Line 30. Error, handphonenya error. Description: The conversation above we can see that the speaker in line 28 states that there is an error in mobilephone but the next speaker does not realize which one is error so she replies by saying a statement in Bahasa Indonesia. We can see that there is a change in perception betweet both of them, so this case is classified into metaphorical code switching. Dialogue 6 Line 33. Jadi aku pernah nanya sama pembimbingku kan, dia ngasih penjelasan juga kan, “kamu tau gak sebenarnya error sama mistake itu beda?” Description: From this sentence, it is clear that the speaker mixes his language with English by saying “error” and “mistake”. So, this line belongs to code mixing of word. Dialogue 7 Line 35. Error sama mistake itu beda. Line 36. Error sama mistake itu beda? Line 37. Ha, apa lah coba bedanya? 41 Line 38. Kalo mistake itu kesalahan yang dibuat oleh manusia, sedangkan error bukan. Line 39. Bukan, kalo error itu dia kesalahannya secara fatal, kalo mistake ada yang bener juga. Description: The dialogue above is also classified into code mixing of word, because each speaker insert a word from another language in hisher utterances. Dialogue 8 Line 43. Kalo error dia udah nggak bisa lagi. Line 44. Tapi aku setuju sih samamu. Line 45. Kalo mistake tu besar, kalo error tuh missing. Description: Those lines clearly belong code mixing of word. Dialogue 9 Line 49. Kalo misalnya udah error yang buat missing, jadi apa lah arti human error itu? Line 50. Kalo error itu memang missing loh. Line 59. Abang pun juga seolah mengaminkan ya kan, karna memang iya sih sejalan juga. Kalo mistake itu memang kesalahan tapi kesalahan yang dibuat manusia dan dia sadar. Kalo misalnya error, kita ingin membuat sesuatu, mau sedemikian rupa, menang udah bagus tapi kecelakaan lagi, itu la jadinya error. Kalo misalnya mistake, misalnya kita mau belanja kan, padahal tadinya mau nabung tapi malah belanja, itu kita kan sadar kan, tapi nggak tertahankan mau belanja itu, itu mistake. Kita nyadar. Kalo error, misalnya kita udah buat panggung semegah mungkin tiba-tiba runtuh, itu error. Nggak tau kita siapa yang buat runtuh. 42 Description: The dialogue above still arguing about the differences between “mistake” and “error”. So, this dialogue also regarded as code mixing of word. 4.1.2 Explanation of the Code Switching in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara According to the data description above, the writer only found three types of code switching ocurrs in the conversations, they are intra-sentential code switching, situational code switching and metaphorical code switching. While tag code switching and intersentential code switching are not found. As the writer explains in the data description, intra-sentential code switching is the most dominant type used by the students. It occurs thirteen times during the conversations. According to Bloomfield and Gumperz in Jendra, 2010,76 an intra- sentential code switching happens when a word, a phrase or a clause from different language is found within the sentence in a base language. Most of the speakers switch a word in English, such as “mam” to addressing someone in this case is female lecturer while they speak in Bahasa Indonesia. All the sentences that contain this case is classified into intra-sentential code switching. The second place is metaphorical code switching, it happens three times during the conversations. The metaphorical code switching happens when there is a changing in perception, the purpose or the topic of the conversation. The last one is situational code switching only found one time, because the situation when the conversation happens is not really influence the speaker while using the code, so that is why this type only one time used by the students. 43 4.1.3 Explanation of the Code Mixing in the Daily Conversation of Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara First of all, the writer wants to explain why the analysis of code mixing is focus in components of language, not like the analysis of code switching which is focused in analyzing the type. From the beginning of the research, the writer focus the analysis in the daily conversation of students of Department of English, so there are only two languages being used, they are Bahasa Indonesia and English. We can claerly conclude that the type of code mixing that occurs in the conversation is outer code mixing, as Suwito in Umar and Napitupulu, 1994:14 devided code mixing into two types: inner code mixing and outer code mixing. Inner code mixing is sourced from the native language with all its variations formal, standard, informal or non-standard. While outercode mixing is sourced from foreign language. Code mixing usually occurs unintentionally, it becomes usual for people to use it in their speech. It may because there are a lot of words of foreign language, especially English, that are well-known so they can use it easily. It is why the code mixing of word becomes the most dominant in using. There are 90 utterances of code mixing of word occurs in the conversations. The second place is code mixing of phrase. After the writer analyze the data, there are only five cases of code mixing of phrase found from the conversations. It may because even there are so many phrases in English they have known, but they are not really realize it while they are speaking so they rarelly use it. The last two components of language are clause and sentence. In these conversations, the writer does not found any of them because there is no clause or 44 sentence in code mixing used by the students. It may because the students uttered the utterances shortly when they take turn. 4.1.4 The Reasons Why Students of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara Use Code Switching and Code Mixing in Their Daily Conversations After discussing the type of code switching and components of language in code mixing, the writer will discuss about the reasons why the sudents of Department of English University of Sumatera Utara switch and mix their language. As one of the most noted world sociolinguists, Dell Hathway Hymes suggested in Jendra, 2010:71, there are eight factors that people may consider when choosing a code. They are Setting and scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interactions and Genre. Form all the conversations, the writer only found three reasons why the students do language choice. The result is collected by giving questioners to all informans. The three reasons are Setting and scene, Participants, and Norm of interaction. While Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities and Genre are not found. As the writer mention in chapter II , in a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. Participants is the most dominant reason found in the conversations that occurs 81 times. Most of them are common words that familiar to the speakers so they can easily understand. The second place is Setting and scene that occurs 48 times, because the students state that they feel more confidence when they are doing code choosing while speaking in cafeteria, as we know that cafeteria is one of the 45 crowded place in campus and it is the best place to show their English off to other students. Then the last is Norm of Interaction that occurs only one time. a. Participants Participants are the people involved in the communication found in setting. In these conversations, all the participants are students of Department of English, so it is why they easy to understand when a speaker does language choice. For example: Conversation 6, line 22. Iya, biasanya digabungin yang sama Mam Redita, yang ganjil duluan baru yang genap. In this example, the speaker is using word “mam” rather than “ibu” to address one of their female lacturer, because it is usual for students of Department of English to use that word, so they understand it well. But if there was another participants from different department for example, maybe it is difficulf for heshe to understand it. We can conclude that the speaker realize who the participants are, so that is why heshe does language choice by using code switching. b. Setting and scene The setting and scene are the places, occasions or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing a code. In this research, all the conversations are located in the cafeteria of Faculty of Cultural Studies. As one of the student states that he uses the code mixing because the natural situation in the cafeteria made him asking about the existence of wireless connection. For example, as show in conversation 1 line 1 and 2. line 1. Disini ada wifi? line 2. Ada sih, tapi di-log. Aku pernah nyoba tapi di-log. Mungkin lagi off. 46 From the dialogue above, the speakers mix their language with English by saying “wifi”, “log” and “off”. As we know that it is usual for people asking about wireless connection when they get into a place like cafeteria. So it is clear why they do language choice. c. Norm of Interaction The Norm of Interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contact, distance, asking questions about believe, etc. According to the explaination, the writer only found this kind of reason such as in conversation 1 line 16. line 16. Cut cut cut… This kind of reason only found one time from all of the conversations. It is happening while one of the student suddenly wants to interrupt the recording and he says “Cut cut cut…” spontantly. Now, in this section the writer will give a clear explanation about the reasons why the students of Department of English use the codes by using table. Speaker 1 REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total S 2 5 4 - 8 - 1 20 P 4 6 3 1 4 7 7 32 E - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - K - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - N - - - - - - - - G - - - - - - - - 47 Speaker 2 REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total S 2 1 2 - 3 3 - 11 P 6 4 1 2 1 9 1 24 E - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - K - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - N 1 - - - - - - 1 G - - - - - - - - Speaker 3 REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total S - 1 1 - 4 3 3 12 P - 1 1 4 - 1 11 18 E - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - K - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - N - - - - - - - - G - - - - - - - - Speaker 4 REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total S - - - - - 1 2 3 P - - - - - 1 4 5 E - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - K - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - N - - - - - - - - G - - - - - - - - 48 Speaker 5 REASONS Conv. 1 Conv. 2 Conv. 3 Conv. 4 Conv. 5 Conv. 6 Conv. 7 Total S - - - - - - 2 2 P - - - - - 1 1 2 E - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - K - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - N - - - - - - - - G - - - - - - - -

4.2 Finding