3.3 Technique of Collecting Data
Collecting data is a part of a process of supplying the primer data for necessary of the research. Collecting data is the systematic and standard procedure to
get the needed data. There is connection between the methods of collecting data with the research problem that will be solved.
In collecting the data, the writer used written test method. The method means that the way of collecting the data by giving question in written form in
accomplishment, then it is impossible to use another technique. In this research, the writer collected from the students’ work with the title “Experience During Holiday.”
3.4 Instrument of Collecting Data
In this research, the writer gives a writing test to the eleventh grade students of SMK Teladan Sumatera Utara 1 and it focuses on grammatically used in writing
personal narrative of English study. Sixty minutes of allocation time was given to the students to complete the test.
3.5 Technique of Analyzing The Data
The data available in this research are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative analysis. It means that the writer tries to give the description of what types
of grammatical error that the students make when they compose the personal narrative text.
In this research, the writer applied the theory of Dulay, Burt, Krashen in analyzing the types of errors made by eleventh grade students in using past tense,
while for the steps of analysis the writer used Rod Ellis; theory. The steps of analysis are:
1. Identifying Errors
In this step the writer compares the errors sentence mention it as “original sentence” with what seem to be moral or ‘correct’ sentences in
the target language which correspond with them mention it as “reconstruction”.
2. Describing Error
This next step is the step where the errors are described and classified into kinds.
3. Explaining Errors
This is last step of the errors analysis. In this step, the writer tried to explain how and why a sentence called be erroneous. After analyzing the
errors sentence, the writer identifies the percentages of the errors made by eleventh grade students.
a. Scoring System
Bungin 2005: 40-41 states There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research i.e. library, laboratory, and field research. In this study, field
research is applied. According to Corder 1974 in Ellis 1985:52 , these following are the steps
in any typical error analysis research : a. Collecting the samples of learner language
b. Identifying the errors c. Describing the errors
d. Explaining the errors e. Correcting and evaluating the errors.
To identify the percentages of errors, the writer uses the theory of Bungin 2005:
� = ��
� � 100
Notes: n = stands for the percentage of errors
Fx = stands for the total of frequency of the sub – categories errors N = stands for the total errors of all categories
b. The writer will give the solution to the teacher to solve the problem based on
the students’ difficulties in writing narrative texts.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Analysis
This chapter contain of the tabulation and the analysis of errors made by the eleventh grade students of SMK Teladan Sumatera Utara 1. The main sources of data
in this study were personal narrative text written by accountancy students of SMK Teladan Sumatera Utara 1. The students were asked to write personal narrative text,
in about 60 minutes, telling about their experience during holiday. Based on surface strategy taxonomy, errors are classified into four types;
omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Grammatical competence is one of the several competences that the students have to master to be proficient in a
certain language. In grammar, tenses hold an important point. Every kind of tenses has their own functions.
4.1.1 Kinds of Error in Using Past Tense
1 Omission errors
Omission errors are characterized by the absence of items that must be present in a well-formed utterance.
a. Omission of auxiliary
This table shows the samples of omission of auxiliary “did”.
Error Sentences Reconstruction
1 We
not celebrate the
Christmas in the village.
We did not celebrate the Christmas
in the village.
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