their speaking improvements. The following table presents the kinds of data, the data instruments and the data collection technique used by the researcher to
collect the data.
Table 3.1. Data Collection Technique No. Data
Instrument Techniques
1. The teaching and
learning process -
Observation guideline -
Interview guideline -
Observation -
Interview -
Discussion 2.
The teacher’s
activities -
Observation guideline -
Interview guideline -
Observation -
Interview -
Discussion 3.
The students’
involvement -
Observation guideline -
Interview guideline -
Observation -
Interview -
Discussion
F. Data Analysis Technique
The data were in the forms of qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data were obtained from the field notes of the observation protocol and
the transcripts of interview. The data obtained from the observations and the interviews were analyzed qualitatively.Meanwhile, the quantitative data of this
research were collected from the tests conducted. In analyzing the quantitative data, the descriptive analysis is used. The mean is used as a representative from
the central tendency. The mean is used to know the improvement of the students before and after the implementations. Consequently, the statistics used in the
computation is the mean which is the average score attained by the students. From the results of the speaking
tests, the students’ progression level was identified.
G. Validity and Reliability
1. Validity
The validity of the data was established by fulfilling the five criteria of validity proposed by Anderson, cited in Burns 1999: 161-162. They are
democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity. The discussion of the validity will be discussed below.
a. Democratic validity
Democratic validity is defined as “the extent to which research is done in
collaboration with all parties who have a stake in the problem under investigation”
Anderson in Burns, 1999: 161. In order to get democratic validity, the researcher did interview with the English teachers and the students to express their ideas,
comments, and opinions about the actions which has been done. The opinions were used to improve the next action.
b. Outcome validity
Outcome validity is related to the nation of actions leading to the result of the actions that are successful within the research context. In this research the
processes are related to the improvement of students speaking ability under the use of Talking Chips. The sucess and the failure of the action and also the
problems found in the action were also considered to improve the next action.
