G. Validity and Reliability
1. Validity
The validity of the data was established by fulfilling the five criteria of validity proposed by Anderson, cited in Burns 1999: 161-162. They are
democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity. The discussion of the validity will be discussed below.
a. Democratic validity
Democratic validity is defined as “the extent to which research is done in
collaboration with all parties who have a stake in the problem under investigation”
Anderson in Burns, 1999: 161. In order to get democratic validity, the researcher did interview with the English teachers and the students to express their ideas,
comments, and opinions about the actions which has been done. The opinions were used to improve the next action.
b. Outcome validity
Outcome validity is related to the nation of actions leading to the result of the actions that are successful within the research context. In this research the
processes are related to the improvement of students speaking ability under the use of Talking Chips. The sucess and the failure of the action and also the
problems found in the action were also considered to improve the next action.
c. Process validity
Process validity means that the actions are believable. To get the process validity, the researcher collected the data by doing observation, and taking note
during the research. In this research, the process was done in two cycles and in each cycle consists of planning, actions and observation, and reflection steps. The
process involved some different data sources and was followed by some evidence that showed that the process was believable.
d. Catalytic Validity
According to Anderson, cited in Burns, 1999:161, catalytic validity relates to the extent to which the research allows participants to deepen their
understanding of the social realities of the context and how they can make changes within it. In this research, the catalytic validity was assesed by observing
the students’ behaviour changes during the teaching and learning process. It was done to find out whether the speaking problems had been solved or not. As the
speaking problems were still existed, the researcher made some revisions of the plans with considering the students’ learning styles. It helped the researcher to
make changes and bring about more effective speaking learning process.
e. Dialogic validity
Dialogic validity means that stakeholders can participate in the process of the research. It relates to the processes of peer review of the research data. This
research involves the teacher as the collaborator who can monitor the research
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